Principles of Instrumental Analysis
7th Edition
ISBN: 9781305577213
Author: Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 12, Problem 12.4QAP
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I Review I Constants I Periodic Table
Part A
Note on the left that the color is deep pink in the
interior of each lobe but fades to pale pink at the
edges. What does this change in color represent?
The intensity of the color indicates that
Pz
Px
Py
the interactions between electrons and
the nucleus are greater at the interior of
the lobes than on the edges.
(a)
(b)
The p orbitals. (a) Electron-density distribution of a 2p orbital. (b) Contour representations of the
three p orbitals. The subscript on the orbital label indicates the axis along which the orbital lies.
The intensity of the color indicates that
the probability of finding the electron is
greater at the interior of the lobes than
on the edges.
The intensity of the color indicates that
the interactions between electrons and
the nucleus are greater on the edges of
the lobes than at the interior.
The intensity of the color indicates that
the probability of finding the electron is
greater on the edges of the…
7-8.
Indicate the number of unpaired electrons present in Cadmium and Iron.
Consider an element that reaches its first excited state by absorption of 626.7 nm light.
Determine the energy difference in kilojoules per mole between the ground state and the first excited state.
ΔΕ =
If the degeneracies of the two states for the element are g'/go= 2, determine N°/No at 2010 K.
N°
No
By what percentage does N°/No change if the temperature is raised by 20 K?
percentage:
What is N°/No at 5370 K?
N*
No
kJ/mol
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Principles of Instrumental Analysis
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- Light of frequency 1.05 x 10^15 Hz. What is the ionization energy in J-mol-1arrow_forwardGive the main features of f-block elements.arrow_forwardConsider an element that reaches its first excited state by absorption of 570.0 nm light. Determine the energy difference in kilojoules per mole between the ground state and the first excited state. ΔΕΞ kJ/mol If the degeneracies of the two states for the element are g*/go = 3, determine N*/INo at 2030 K. N* No By what percentage does N*/No change if the temperature is raised by 20 K? percentage: What is N*/N, at 5810 K? N* Noarrow_forward
- Part B The electronic structure of one-dimensional chain of sodium (Na) atoms can be approximately described by the particle-in-a-box model. The energy of each state can be calculated using En=(n^2h^2)/8mL^2, ? = 1, 2, 3, … where L is the length of the 1D chain. Assuming L = a0(N – 1), where N is the number of Na atoms and a0 = 0.360 nm is the internuclear distance. a) Determine the energy gap between the highest occupied energy level and the lowest unoccupied energy level as a function of N. Assume that N is an even number that is large enough (Hint: assume that each Na only contributes 1 electron to the problem and consider the information in Question 1c above.). b) Thermal energy at room temperature is 4.15 × 10–21 J. Calculate the minimum number of Na atoms required so that the energy gap is smaller than the thermal energy.arrow_forwardDescribe and account for the variation of first ionizationenergies along Period 2 of the periodic table . Would you expect the same variation in Period 3?arrow_forwardWhat is the energy of H2trapped in a zeolite, which can be modeled by a particle in a cube given nX= 10,nY= 10, nZ= 10 and LX= LY= LZ= 10−9m.arrow_forward
- The energy levels of hydrogenlike one-electron ions of atomic number Z differ from those of hydrogen by a factor of Z2. Predict the wavelength of the 2s ->1s transition in He+.arrow_forwardAnswer how Enthalpy changes for the process X– (g) → X(g) + e– (g) for the p-block elements across the 3rd Period are given below (in kJ mol–1 ). Explain the trends in electron affinity for these elements, with particular attention to the discontinuity in this trend and an explanation why it occurs. . Al: 44 , Si: 134 , P: 72, S: 200, Cl: 349, Ar: < 0arrow_forwardGive the general formula for atomic configuration of p block elements? Give examples of elements having three unpaired p electrons.arrow_forward
- Write the ground-state electron configurations of the d-metals from yttrium to cadmium.arrow_forwardDetermine the second ionization energy of calcium (in kJ mol−1) from the given data (all in kJ mol−1):ΔHf°[CaCl2(s)] = −796ΔHf°[Ca(g)] = 178ΔHf°[Cl(g)] = 122First ionization energy of Ca(g) = 590Electron affinity of Cl(g) = −349Lattice enthalpy of CaCl2(s) = −2260 a)1150 b)1235 c) 1093 d) 1210arrow_forwardSulphur presents two lines: Ka₁= 5.37216 Å and Ka₂= 5.37496 Å 1. What is the energy difference expressed in eV, between Ka₁ and Kα₂ 2. If it is known that the width at the mid-height of these lines is 5 eV, what conclusion can be drawn 3. If the position of the Ka₂ line increases by 0.002 Å when passing from S6+ to Sº, show that this has no impact upon the location of this photoelectron in energy termsarrow_forward
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