Chapter 11, Problem 66PP

“Seeing” surfaces at the nanoscale. One technique for making images of surfaces at the nanometer scale, including membranes and biomolecules, is dynamic atomic force microscopy. In this technique, a small tip is attached to a cantilever, which is a flexible, rectangular slab supported at one end, like a diving board (Figure 11.40). The cantilever vibrates, so the tip moves up and down in simple harmonic motion. In one mode of operation, the resonant frequency for a cantilever with force constant k = 1000 N/m is 100 kHz. As the oscillating tip is brought within a few nanometers of the surface of a sample (as shown in the figure), it experiences an attractive force from the surface. For an oscillation with a small amplitude (typically 0.050 nm), the force F that the sample surface exerts on the tip varies linearly with the displacement x of the tip, |F| = k_surfx, where k_surf is the effective force constant for this force. The net force on the tip is therefore (k + k_surf)x, and the frequency of the oscillation changes slightly due to the interaction with the surface. Measurements of the frequency as the tip moves over different parts of the sample’s surface can provide information about the sample.

Figure 11.40

Problems 66–68.

66. If we model the vibrating system as a mass on a spring, what is the mass necessary to achieve the desired resonant frequency when the tip is not interacting with the surface?

1. A.    25 ng
2. B.     100 ng
3. C.     25 μg
4. D.    100 μg