Chapter 11, Problem 56A

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Among the elements in a group (Li, C and O), the one which is expected to have highest ionization energy is to be given.

Concept Introduction: Ionization energy is defined as the minimum energy required to eject out the outermost electron from an isolated gaseous atom. Also it is the most difficult to eject an electron from the atom of an element with most electronegative nature and so it will have the highest ionization energy.

Explanation of Solution

O is the most electronegative among the given elements. Since, it is the most difficult to eject an electron from the atom of an element with most electronegative nature and so it will have the highest ionization energy. Thus, O has the highest ionization energy.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Among the elements in a group (Fr, Rb and Na), the one which is expected to have highest ionization energy is to be given.

Concept Introduction: Ionization energy is defined as the minimum energy required to eject out the outermost electron from an isolated gaseous atom. Also it is the most difficult to eject an electron from the atom of an element with most electronegative nature and so it will have the highest ionization energy.

Explanation of Solution

Na is the most electronegative among the given elements. Since, it is the most difficult to eject an electron from the atom of an element with most electronegative nature and so it will have the highest ionization energy. Thus, Na has the highest ionization energy.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Among the elements in a group (Ra, Ca and Mg), the one which is expected to have highest ionization energy is to be given.

Concept Introduction: Ionization energy is defined as the minimum energy required to eject out the outermost electron from an isolated gaseous atom. Also it is the most difficult to eject an electron from the atom of an element with most electronegative nature and so it will have the highest ionization energy.

Explanation of Solution

Mg is the most electronegative among the given elements. Since, it is the most difficult to eject an electron from the atom of an element with most electronegative nature and so it will have the highest ionization energy. Thus, Mg has the highest ionization energy.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Among the elements in a group (At, Br and F), the one which is expected to have highest ionization energy is to be given.

Concept Introduction: Ionization energy is defined as the minimum energy required to eject out the outermost electron from an isolated gaseous atom. Also it is the most difficult to eject an electron from the atom of an element with most electronegative nature and so it will have the highest ionization energy.

Explanation of Solution

F is the most electronegative among the given elements. Since, it is the most difficult to eject an electron from the atom of an element with most electronegative nature and so it will have the highest ionization energy. Thus, F has the highest ionization energy.