Interpretation:
Starting from isobutane, the synthesis of given compounds is to be shown.
Concept introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired electrons, which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
Substitution reaction takes place when an
In presence of peroxides, hydrogen bromide reacts with
Potassium iodide in acetone reacts with alkyl bromide to give the corresponding iodo derivative.
Alkenes are converted to alcohols by methods such as acid-catalyzed hydration of alkenes, oxymercuration–demercuration reactions and hydroboration–oxidation reactions.
Hydroboration–oxidation reaction proceeds by anti-Markovnikov’s regioselectivity.
Ether is formed when
Alkyl nitriles are formed when haloalkanes react with sodium cyanide.
Haloalkanes react with sodium methane thiolate to form corresponding thiolates.
Alkenes undergo ring closure when they react with bromine and water in a basic medium.
Alkenes if reacted with osmium tetroxide and sodium bisulphite, leads to the cleavage of double bond and alcohol with vicinal hydroxyl groups is obtained.
Halo bromine undergoes reaction with ammonia to form the corresponding
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 11 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- Each of the following is a set of directions for carrying out a reaction or sequence of reactions. Rewrite each set ofdirections in the form of a synthesis.(a) To 2-ethylcyclohexanone, add lithium diisopropylamide, and when that reaction is complete, add bromoethane toyield 2,6-diethylcyclohexanone.(b) Add molecular bromine to 2,2-dimethylcyclohexanone in the presence of acetic acid to yield 6-bromo-2,2-dimethylcyclohexanone. To the resulting mixture, add sodium cyanide to yield 6-cyano-2,2-dimethyl-cyclohexanone.(c) Treat pent-4-ynoic acid with diazomethane to produce methyl pent-4-ynoate. Next, add sodium hydride, followed by(bromomethyl)benzene, to yield methyl 6-phenylhex-4-ynoate.arrow_forwardShow how you would synthesize the following compounds, starting with benzene or toluene and any necessary acyclic reagents. Assume para is the major product (and separable from ortho) in ortho, para mixtures. (a) 3-nitro-4-bromobenzoic acid (b) 3-nitro-5-bromobenzoic acid (c) 4-butylphenol (d) 2-(4-methylphenyl)butan-2-olarrow_forward(a) CH3CHDOH (b) Show how to make these deuterium-labeled compounds, using CD3MgBr and D2O as your sources of deuterium, and any non-deuterated starting materials you wish. (a) CH3CH(OD)CD3 (d) Ph(CD3)2COD (b) CH3C(OH)(CD3)2 (c) CD3CH2CH2OHarrow_forward
- Show how you can synthesize the following compounds starting with benzene, toluene, and alcohols containing no morethan four carbon atoms as your organic starting materials. Assume that para is the major product (and separable fromortho) in ortho, para mixtures.(a) pentan-1-amine (b) N-methylbutan-1-amine(c) N-ethyl-N-propylbutan-2-amine (d) N-benzylpropan-1-aminearrow_forwardWhich alkyl halide in each of the following pairs will react faster in an SN2 reaction with OH? Explain your answer briefly. (a) Bromobenzene or benzyl bromide, C6H5CH2B. (b) CH3C1 or (CH3)3CCI (c) CH3CH=CHBr or H2C=CHCH2BRarrow_forwardGuiding your reasoning by retrosynthetic analysis, show how you could prepare each of the following compounds from the given starting material and any necessary organic or inorganic reagents. All require more than one synthetic step. (a) Cyclopentyl iodide from cyclopentane (b) 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane from 2-bromo-2-methylpropane (c) meso-2,3-Dibromobutane from 2-butyne (d) 1-Heptene from 1-bromopentane (e) cis-2-Hexene from 1,2-dibromopentane (f) Butyl methyl ether (CH3CH2CH2CH2OCH3) from 1-butenearrow_forward
- (a) Which of the following will NOT produce a carboxylic acid or carboxylate ion? 1-butanol + H2CrO4 2-butene + O3/H2O2 butanal + PCC butanal + H2CrO4 (b) Which of the following will NOT produce a carboxylic acid or carboxylate ion? 1-butanol + H2CrO4 2-butene + O3/H2O2 butanal + PCC butanal + H2CrO4arrow_forwardShow how the following ethers might be synthesized using (1) alkoxymercuration–demercuration and (2) the Williamson synthesis. (When one of these methods cannot beused for the given ether, point out why it will not work.)(a) 2-methoxybutanearrow_forwardShow how you would convert hex-1-ene to each of the following compounds. You may use any additional reagents andsolvents you need.( (b) 1-methoxyhexanearrow_forward
- Paragraph 10. Answer ALL parts of this question. Treatment of acetylcyclopentane (see Scheme Q10a) with NaOEt in ethanol at 25 °C results in formation of a major, thermodynamic enolate (Scheme Q10a). NaOEt Thermodynamic enolate ELOH 25 °C (Scheme Q10a) (a) Draw the structure of the thermodynamic enolate. (b) Explain why the enolate in answer (a) is the major enolate present in the equilibrium at room temperature. (C) Draw the product formed when the thermodynamic enolate (1 mole) reacts with ethyl acrylate (1 mole) (Scheme Q10c). OEt + NaOEt Thermodynamic enolate Product ETOH 25 °C C12H2003 (Scheme Q10c) (d) Draw the kinetic product formed when 1-cyclopentene-1-carbaldehyde reacts with sodium cyanide at low temperature (5 °C) and over a short reaction time (5 minutes) (Scheme Q10d). NACN Kinetic product ELOH 5 °C (Scheme Q10d) >arrow_forwardIII. Which alkyl halide in each of the following pairs will react faster in an SN2 reaction with OH? Explain your answer briefly.- (a) Bromobenzene or benzyl bromide, C6H5CH2Br (b) CH3CI or (CH3)3CCI (c) CH3CH=CHBR or H2C=CHCH2BRarrow_forward(i) State one use each of DDT and iodoform.(ii) Which compound in the following couples will react faster in SN2 displacement and why?(a) 1-bromopentane or 2-bromopentane(b) l-bromo-2-methylbutane or 2-bromo-2-methylbutane.arrow_forward
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill EducationPrinciples of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill EducationChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningElementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY