Effects of Plastic Resin Para-nonylphenol is found in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) used in the food processing and packaging industries. Researchers wanted to determine the effect this substance had on the organ weight of first-generation mice when both parents were exposed to 50 micrograms per liter (μg/L) of para-nonylphenol in drinking water for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, the mice were bred. After 100 days, the offspring of the exposed parents were sacrificed and the kidney weights were determined. The
Source: Vendula Kyselova et al, ‘Effects if P-nonylphenol and resveratrol on body and organ weight and in vivo fertility of outbred CD-1 mice,’ Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 2003.
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Fundamentals of Statistics (5th Edition)
- Repeat Example 5 when microphone A receives the sound 4 seconds before microphone B.arrow_forwardDuring the spring of 1999, many fuel storage facilities in Serbia were destroyed by bombing. As a result, significant quantities of oil products were spilled and burned, resulting in soil pollution. An article reports measurements of heavy metal concentrations at several industrial sites in June 1999, just after the bombing, and again in March of 2000. At the Smederevo site, on the banks of the Danube River, eight soil specimens taken in 1999 had an average lead concentration (in mg/kg) of 10.7 with a standard deviation of 3.3. Ten specimens taken in 2000 had an average lead concentration of 33.8 with a standard deviation of 0.50. Let μXμX represent the population mean for the year 2000 and let μYμY represent the population mean for the year 1999. Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference μX−μYμX−μY . Round down the degrees of freedom to the nearest integer and round the answers to three decimal places. The 95% confidence interval is ( , ).arrow_forwardDuring the spring of 1999, many fuel storage facilities in Serbia were destroyed by bombing. As a result, significant quantities of oil products were spilled and burned, resulting in soil pollution. An article reports measurements of heavy metal concentrations at several industrial sites in June 1999, just after the bombing, and again in March of 2000. At the Smederevo site, on the banks of the Danube River, eight soil specimens taken in 1999 had an average lead concentration (in mg/kg) of 10.7 with a standard deviation of 3.3. Seven specimens taken in 2000 had an average lead concentration of 33.8 with a standard deviation of 0.50. Let ux represent the population mean for the year 2000 and let uY represent the population mean for the year 1999. Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference µx – µy . Round down the degrees of freedom to the nearest integer and round the answers to three decimal places. The 95% confidence interval isarrow_forward
- A Miraculin—a protein naturally produced in a rare tropical fruit—can convert a sour taste into a sweet taste. Consequently, miraculin has the potential to be an alternative low-calorie sweetener. In Plant Science (May 2010), a group of Japanese environmental scientists investigated the ability of a hybrid tomato plant to produce miraculin. For a particular generation of the tomato plant, the amount x of miraculin produced (measured in micrograms per gram of fresh weight) had a mean of 105.3 and a standard deviation of 8.0. Assume that x is normally distributed. (a) Find P(x >120).arrow_forwardSince the days of the Pharaohs, people in Egypt suffered the ravages of a parasite called schisosomaisis that is found in the mud of Nile delta. To reduce the spread of infection, between 1918 to 1982, some western countries helped perform inoculation in the general Egyptian population. However, with little care taken to disinfect the syringes and needles, a large portion of the Egyptian population became infected with a deadly form of hepatitis virus -- the hepatitis C virus, (HCV) which was not recognized at that time. The result of that debacle is that Egypt now has the highest prevalence of hepatitis C in the world. In order to quantify the extent of its spread, a simple random sample of n = 3888 people showed 973 individuals exposed to the hepatitis C virus. (i) Find a 95\% confidence interval for p, the true proportion of the Egyptian population infected with the Hepatitis C virus. (ii) Had we wanted to find a 95\% confidence interval for p, with width w being 1 percentage point,…arrow_forwardA specimen of connective tissue (collagen) can be obtained from a beef steak. The temperature at which the collagen shrinks can be determined. A tender piece of meat tends to have a low collagen shrinkage temperature. So, the lower shrinkage temperature, the more tender the meat.It is believed that electrical stimulation of a beef carcass could improve the tenderness of the meat. In one study of this effect, beef carcasses were split in half; one side (half) was subjected to a brief electrical current and the other side was an untreated control. For each side, a steak was cut and tested in various ways for tenderness. In one test, the experimenter obtained a specimen of the connective collagen tissue from the steak and determined the temperature at which the tissue would shrink. The experimenter wishes to prove that electrical stimulation tends to improve the tenderness of the meat. The raw data are found in the table below. Let ? = 0.01. Table 1: Collagen Shrinkage Temperature…arrow_forward
- Chlorophylls a and b are plant pigments that absorb sunlight and transfer the energy into photosynthesis of carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O, releasing O2 in the process. Chlorophylls were extracted from chopped up grass and measured by spectrophotometry. The table shows results for chlorophyll a for four separate analysis of five blades of grass. Chlorophyll a (g/L) Blade 1 Blade 2 Blade 3 Blade 4 Blade 5 1.09 1.26 1.1 1.23 0.85 0.86 0.96 1.21 1.3 0.65 0.93 0.8 1.27 0.97 0.86 0.99 0.73 1.12 0.97 1.03 Four replicate measurements for each blade of grass tell us the precision of the analytical procedure (sanalysis). Differences between mean values for each of the five blades of grass are a measure of variation due to sampling (ssampling). Using Excel and it’s ANOVA function, find the standard deviations attributable to sampling and to analysis, as well as the overall standard deviation arising from both sources.arrow_forwardSulfur compounds cause "off-odors" in wine, so winemakers want to know the odor threshold, the lowest concentration of a compound that the human nose can detect. The odor threshold for dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in trained wine tasters is about 25 micrograms per liter of wine (ug/L). The untrained noses of consumers may be less sensitive, however. The DMS odor thresholds for 10 untrained students are given. 30 30 35 22 33 31 29 19 23 (a) Assume that the standard deviation of the odor threshold for untrained noses is known to be o = 7 ug/L. To access the complete data set, click the link for your preferred software format: Excel Minitab14-18 Minitab18+ Minitab18+ JMP SPSS TI R Mac-TXT PC-TXT CSV CrunchIt! Do the three simple conditions hold in this case? Make a stemplot and use it to check the shape of the distribution. Choose the answer that best describes the stemplot. No. Although this is a SRS and o is known, a stemplot shows that the distribution has many outliers and therefore cannot…arrow_forwardTechnetium-99 (99mTc) is a radionuclide used widely in nuclear medicine. 99mTc is combined with another substance that is readily absorbed by a targeted body organ. Then, special cameras sensitive to the gamma rays emitted by the technetium are used to record pictures of the organ. Suppose that a technician prepares a sample of 99mTc-pyrophosphate to image the heart of a patient suspected of having had a mild heart attack. a.At noon, the patient is given 10 mCi (millicuries) of 99mTc. If the half-life of 99m Tc is 6 hr, write a function of the form Q(t) = Q0e−kt to model the radioactivity level Q(t) after t hours. b. At what time will the level of radioactivity reach 3 mCi? Round to the nearest tenth of an hour.arrow_forward
- Carbon dioxide is known to have a critical effect on microbiological growth. Small amounts of CO2 stimulate growth of some organisms, whereas high concentrations inhibit the growth of most. The latter effect is used commercially when perishable food products are stored. A study is conducted to investigate the effect of CO2 on the growth rate of pseudomonas fragi, a food-spoiling organism. Carbon dioxide is administered at five predetermined different atmospheric pressures. The response measured was the percentage change in cell mass after 1-hour growing time. Ten cultures were used at each atmospheric pressure level, resulting in the following data: 0.0 .083 .29 .50 .86 62.6 50.9 45.5 29.5 24.9 59.6 44.3 41.1 22.8 17.2 64.5 47.5 29.8 19.2 7.8 59.3 49.5 38.3 20.6 10.5 58.6 48.5 40.2 29.2 17.8 64.6 50.4 38.5 24.1 22.1 50.9 35.2 30.2 22.6 22.6 56.2 49.9 27.0 32.7 16.8 52.3…arrow_forwardA biochemist is testing the effect of a new antibiotic on a particulararrow_forwardA manufacturer of carpet wanted to reduce the number of flaws per square yard of carpet. Data gathered from quality control measures indicated that Brand A typically had 2.5 flaws per square yard. A mechanical engineer for the company developed a modification of the current process that she thought might reduce the number of flaws. To determine if this was true, one of the machines in the plant was modified according to her specifications. A sample of 30 square yards of carpet was analyzed for flaws. The sample yielded a mean of 2.2 flaws per square yard. Assume the standard deviation of the measurements is 0.66. Find the p-value of the test. A) 0.62 B) 0.0124 C)0.9938 D) 0.0062arrow_forward
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