Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The value of
Concept Introduction :
The relation between standard Gibbs free energy change, standard enthalpy change and standard entropy change is as follows:
Here,
The Gibbs free energy change and equilibrium constant is related to each other as follows:
Here,
(a)
Answer to Problem 78E
ΔH0 (kJ/mol) | ΔS0 (J/K.mol) | ΔG0 (kJ/mol) | K | |
Step 1 | -908 | 181 | -962 | 4.33 x 10168 |
Step 2 | -112 | -147 | -68 | 8.3 x 1011 |
Step 3 | -74 | -267 | 6 | 9.0 x 10-2 |
Explanation of Solution
(b)
Interpretation:
The equilibrium constant for the first step at 825 0C should be calculated, assuming standard enthalpy change and entropy change are temperature independent.
Concept Introduction :
The relation between standard Gibbs free energy change, standard enthalpy change and standard entropy change is as follows:
Here,
The Gibbs free energy change and equilibrium constant is related to each other as follows:
Here,
(b)
Answer to Problem 78E
Explanation of Solution
(c)
Interpretation:
Whether there is a
Concept Introduction :
Ostwald process is a chemical process that converts ammonia into nitric acid.
(c)
Answer to Problem 78E
No thermodynamic reason. The purpose of using higher temperature is to increase the
Explanation of Solution
There is no thermodynamic reason for using higher temperature in step 1 of the Ostwald process. Since enthalpy change is negative and entropy change is positive, temperature should be lowered to shift the equilibrium to right side. But here, the purpose of using higher temperature is to increase the rate of the reaction.
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Chemical Principles
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