Human Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781305112100
Author: Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 10, Problem 5CT
Summary Introduction
To explain: The reason why diet deficient in zinc does not reduce the number of red blood cells, but it impairs respiratory function by reducing CO2 output.
Introduction: The mineral zinc activates the enzymes of protein
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When the blood passes through the lungs, CO₂ is expelled and the hemoglobin picks
up oxygen. Place the following steps in the correct order (1 = first thing to happen),
assuming that it is the decreased [CO₂] during exhalation that initiates the
transition.
Carbonic anhydrase works to restore the CO₂/bicarbonate equilibrium,
reducing the [H+]
The T-state is less stabilized.
Oxygen binds to the hemoglobin.
Protons dissociate from the hemoglobin.
You have seen how breathing patterns can affect blood CO2 and blood pH to cause respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis. Factors other than breating patterns can cause changes in blood pH. When
blood pH gets out of line due to a non-respiratory problem it is referred to metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. In this case the respiratory system is called upon to try to fix the problem by adjusting
breathing patterns accordingly. Use this information as you consider the next two questions.
A patient comes to the emergency room having overdosed on aspirin (acetlysalicylic acid) and is in metabolic acidosis. The patient is breathing a a rate and depth of breathing that differs from normal. Predict
the breathing pattern you likely would see in this patient as her respiratory system tries to help with the problem. Explain your reasoning.
On the island of Jeju in Korea, the Heanyeo sea divers free dive to collect food in the ocean by holding their breath for long periods of time. While holding their breath they are unable to get rid of CO2. Evplsin the effects this has on their blood chemistry. (Be sure to use the buffer equation in your response )
Chapter 10 Solutions
Human Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 10 - In the diagram below, label the parts of the...Ch. 10 - What is the difference between respiration and...Ch. 10 - Explain what a partial pressure gradient is and...Ch. 10 - What is oxyhemoglobin? Where does it form?Ch. 10 - What drives oxygen from the air spaces in alveoli,...Ch. 10 - How does hemoglobin help maintain the oxygen...Ch. 10 - What reactions enhance the transport of carbon...Ch. 10 - How do nerve impulses from the brain regulate...Ch. 10 - Why does your breathing rate increase when you...Ch. 10 - A partial pressure gradient of oxygen exists...
Ch. 10 - The ________ is an airway that connects the nose...Ch. 10 - Oxygen in air must diffuse across______ to enter...Ch. 10 - Prob. 4SQCh. 10 - Gas exchange occurs at the _______. a. two bronchi...Ch. 10 - Breathing _______. a. ventilates the lungs b....Ch. 10 - After oxygen diffuses into lung capillaries, it...Ch. 10 - Due to its partial pressure gradient, carbon...Ch. 10 - Prob. 9SQCh. 10 - Prob. 10SQCh. 10 - Cases of accidental carbon monoxide poisoning...Ch. 10 - Prob. 2CTCh. 10 - When you sneeze, abdominal muscles abruptly...Ch. 10 - Underwater, we humans cant compete with whales and...Ch. 10 - Prob. 5CT
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- Crocodiles can use virtually 100% of the oxygen in its blood, whereas humans can extract only about 65% of the oxygen in their blood. Crocodile hemoglobin (Hb) binds HCO3, rather than 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG), when in the T-state. Which of the following best explains why HCO3¯ in the crocodile works better than 2,3-BPG in humans to help the Hb to release more of its bound oxygen? Crocodile Hb binds more oxygen than human Hb, and so the crocodile has more oxygen available than humans do. The [HCO3] varies with the amount of oxygen used, whereas the [BPG] in human erythrocytes is constant regardless of need. Humans require their hemoglobin to be sensitive to [BPG] in order for HbF (fetal Hb) to have a higher affinity for oxygen than maternal Hb. Since crocodile Hb binds HCO3, the HCO3 will not be available to bind to H+ (Bohr protons), and so more oxygen will be released to the tissues. Crocodiles are cold-blooded and so do not need as much oxygen as humans; this is why they can…arrow_forwardA given amount of blood have 19% O2 measured at 0 °C and 1.0 atm. Hemoglobin in the blood can carry up to four molecules of O2. Calculate how many molecules of hemoglobin is present in 1.0 L of blood.arrow_forward(a) The partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs can be varied rapidly by the rate and depth of breathing. For example, a common remedy to alleviate hiccups is to increase the concentration of CO2 in the lungs. This can be achieved by holding one’s breath, by very slow and shallow breathing (hypoventilation), or by breathing in and out of a paper bag.Under such conditions, pCO2 in the air space of the lungs rises above normal. Qualitatively explain the effect of these procedures on the blood pH.(b) A common practice of competitive short-distance runners is to breathe rapidly and deeply (hyperventilate) for about half a minute to remove CO2from their lungs just before the race begins. Blood pH may rise to 7.60. Explain why the blood pH increases.(c) During a short-distance run, the muscles produce a large amount of lactic acid (CH2CH(OH)COOH; K2 = 1.38 × 10 –4 M) from their glucose stores. Why might hyperventilation before a dash be useful?arrow_forward
- Breathing in too much carbon monoxide will most likely result in the production of whatarrow_forwardA patient is hyperventilating (breathing very quickly). Consider the consequences of this action on the carbon dioxide level in the blood. What can occur? respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory acidosisarrow_forwardThe transport and exchange of gases in the body is affected by the Bohr effect. Which of the following statements best describes the Bohr effect? The Bohr effect lowers the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin and is caused by an activity induced increase in pH in the active muscles. The Bohr effect lowers the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin facilitating its release in oxygen starved tissues. The Bohr effect facilitates oxygen transport to oxygen starved tissues as it increase’s the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen. The Bohr effect lowers the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin resulting in a reduction in oxygen availability in the active muscles.arrow_forward
- Below is the reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. Please answer the following questions. CO₂ + H₂O → H+ + HCO3* a. The forward reaction is favored in the lungs b. When protons decrease the pH [Select] [Select] c. CO₂ acts directly as a [Select] hemoglobin by reacting to form carbonic Answer 1: lungs Answer 2: decreases Answer 3: HbR Answer 4: negative heterotrophic state is favored Answer 5: and the allosteric effector of reacting to generate protons another allosteric effector that stabilizes the T statearrow_forwardWhat happens to pCO2 levels as the disease (Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) progresses, and what would the teeter totter look like in this situation?CO2+ H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H++ HCO3−arrow_forwardSome people habitually use barbiturates to depress feelings of anxiety.Barbiturates cause hypoventilation, a slower-than-normal rate of breathing, because they suppress the respiratory centers in the brain. What happens to the red blood count of a habitual user of barbiturates? Explain.arrow_forward
- A patient is hyperventilating. The "blowing off" of excessive carbon dioxide causes a decrease in blood H+ concentration. How can the carbonic acid buffering system function to correct this imbalance? CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → H* + HCO3 O H2CO3 dissociates to form more H+ and raise pH. O HCO3- binds with H+ to form H2CO3 and raise pH. O H2CO3 dissociates to form more H+ and lower pH. O HCO3- binds with H+ to form H2CO3 and lower pH. O none of the abovearrow_forwardDivers who go to great depths in the ocean experience large differences in pressure between the surface and their final destinations below the surface. At times, they have to avoid quick changes in pressure because of the effects on the solubility of nitrogen in their blood. If the solubility decreases quickly, then gas bubbles can form in the person’s blood, causing a dangerous condition called “the bends.” In one or two sentences, state whether you would expect the condition to be a greater hazard for divers as they dive down or as they return to the surface. Then, explain your prediction in terms of the solubility of gases in liquids at different pressures.arrow_forwardA depressed person attempts to commit suicide by taking a whole bottle of sleeping pills. Please explain in-depth why their respiratory muscles are breaking down and what happens with pH.arrow_forward
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