In certain polar solvents, PCI, undergoes an ionization reaction in which a Cl- ion leaves one PCI, molecule and attaches itself to another. The products of the ionization are P C I 4 + and P C I 5 − . Draw a sketch showing the changes in geometric shapes that occur in this ionization (that is, give the shapes of P C I 5 − , P C I 4 − , and PCl 6 - ). 2 P C I 5 ⇄ P C I 4 + + P C I 5 −
In certain polar solvents, PCI, undergoes an ionization reaction in which a Cl- ion leaves one PCI, molecule and attaches itself to another. The products of the ionization are P C I 4 + and P C I 5 − . Draw a sketch showing the changes in geometric shapes that occur in this ionization (that is, give the shapes of P C I 5 − , P C I 4 − , and PCl 6 - ). 2 P C I 5 ⇄ P C I 4 + + P C I 5 −
Solution Summary: The author explains that the shape of the molecule depends on the hybridization and the number of lone pairs and bond pairs present in the central atom.
In certain polar solvents, PCI, undergoes an ionization reaction in which a Cl- ion leaves one PCI, molecule and attaches itself to another. The products of the ionization are
P
C
I
4
+
and
P
C
I
5
−
.
Draw a sketch showing the changes in geometric shapes that occur in this ionization (that is, give the shapes of
P
C
I
5
−
,
P
C
I
4
−
, and
PCl
6
-
).
2
P
C
I
5
⇄
P
C
I
4
+
+
P
C
I
5
−
9. Use the following data to calculate the lattice energy of Cao. The enthalpy of formation of Cao
is –636 kj/mol. The enthalpy of sublimation of Ca is +192 kj/mol, the first ionization energy
of Ca is +590 kj/mol, and the second ionization energy of Ca is +1145 kj/mol. The enthalpy
of dissociation of 02 is +494 kj/mol of 02 molecules, the first electron affinity of O is
-141 kj/mol of 0 atoms, and the second electron affinity of 0 is +845 kj/mol of 0¯ ions.
Answer the following questions that relate to the chemistry of nitrogen.
(a) Two nitrogen atoms combine to form a nitrogen molecule, as represented by the following equation.
2 N(g) ® N2(g)
Using the table of average bond energies below, determine the enthalpy change, AH, for the reaction.
Average Bond
Energy (k) mol-1)
Bond
N-N
160
N=N
420
N°N
950
(b) The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia is represented below.
N2(g) + 3 H2(g)® 2 NH3(g)
AH° = -92.2 kJ
Predict the sign of the standard entropy change, AS', for the reaction. Justify your answer.
(C) The value of AG° for the reaction represented in part (b) is negative at low temperatures but positive at high temperatures. Explain.
Galium (Ga) is an element in group III with atomic number 31. By referring to the Periodic Table, answer the following questions.
Explain how the atomic radius of gallium differs from aluminium.
Explain how the electronegativity of gallium differs from aluminium.
Explain how the electronegativity of gallium differs from germanium.
Explain how the ionisation energy of gallium differs from germanium.
Explain how the ionisation energy of gallium differs from indium.
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