Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780321981226
Author: Dee Unglaub Silverthorn
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 1, Problem 7RQ
Put the following parts of a reflex in the correct order for a physiological response loop: input signal, integrating center, output signal, response, sensor, stimulus, target.
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Recruitment of a reflex response is due to :-a- difference in the amount of presynaptic inputs to the various efferent neurons initiating the reflexb- difference in the conduction velocity of the various afferent neurons mediating the reflexc- delay at the neuromuscular junctiond- presence of inhibitory interneurons in the reflex pathway
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Question 1 (AC 2.1)
Examine the diagram which illustrates how the body controls homeostasis.
Input:
Information
sent along
afferent
pathway to
Receptor (sensor)
2 Change
detected
by receptor
1 Stimulus:
Produces
change
in variable
Imbalance
Control
center
Variable (in homeostasis)
positivenegative-feedback-mechanisms/(accessed 06/01/20).
Imbalance
4 Output:
Information sent
along efferent
pathway to
Effector
5 Response of
effector feeds
back to
influence
magnitude of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostasis
Image source: https://anatomyandphysiologyi.com/homeostasis-
a) Receptors (sensors) form the first part of the control mechanism. What is a receptor? Provide an
explanation then give one example of where a receptor is found, explaining its role is in monitoring
homeostasis.
b) Draw a simple summary diagram displaying the different levels of…
Accurately label the components of a reflex arc on this example.
Efferent nerve fiber
Reset Zoom
Receptor
Effector
Integrating center
Afferent nerve fiber
Chapter 1 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (7th Edition)
Ch. 1 - If a person eats 12 milligrams (mg) of salt in a...Ch. 1 - Glucose is metabolized to CO2 and water. Explain...Ch. 1 - What is the drawback of having only a single...Ch. 1 - Prob. 4CCCh. 1 - Students in the laboratory run an experiment in...Ch. 1 - Prob. 6CCCh. 1 - Define physiology. Describe the relationship...Ch. 1 - Name the different levels of organization in the...Ch. 1 - Prob. 3RQCh. 1 - Prob. 4RQ
Ch. 1 - Define homeostasis. Name some regulated variables...Ch. 1 - Name four major themes in physiology.Ch. 1 - Put the following parts of a reflex in the correct...Ch. 1 - The name for daily fluctuations of body functions...Ch. 1 - Mapping exercise: Make a large map showing the...Ch. 1 - Distinguish between the items in each group of...Ch. 1 - Name as many organs or body structures that...Ch. 1 - Prob. 12RQCh. 1 - Explain the differences among positive feedback,...Ch. 1 - A group of biology majors went to a mall and asked...Ch. 1 - Although dehydration is one of the most serious...Ch. 1 - Prob. 16RQCh. 1 - You performed an experiment in which you measured...Ch. 1 - Prob. 18RQCh. 1 - Prob. 19RQ
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- In a negative feedback loop, the effector moves the system in the direction as the stimulus.arrow_forwardIdentify and shortly describe any examples of nervous system control in this diagram.arrow_forwardIn the knee jerk, contraction of quadriceps is accompanied by relaxation of the opposing flexor muscles. The contraction of quadriceps is mediated by a monosynaptic reflex (as stated above), and the relaxation of the antagonists is due to a dual connection reflex. The relaxation of antagonists is mediated by an inhibitory transmitter released by interneurones - these are called the la inhibitory interneurones, How do we name a dual connection reflex? monosynaptic disynaptic tricynaptic polysaccharidearrow_forward
- What is affected by the electrical signal sent by the third structure? (This will be the fourth structure in the arc.) Where is the cell body of the fourth structure located? What is affected by the electrical signal sent by the fourth structure? (This will be the fifth structure in the arc.) What does the fifth structure do in response to that electrical signal and how does this action protect you? Describe a situation where a reflex arc would be activated that is not described in your lesson. Assume that the reflex arc has five components to it. Please choose a reflex that involves a body part below the neck. (If you have trouble with this, do an internet search for information on reflex arcs.)arrow_forwardDefine homeostasis. What happens when homeostasis fails? List the three basic components of a control system and give an example. Describe the components of a reflex pathway. Contrast the response loop and the feedback loop. Explain the relationship between a regulated physiological variable and its setpoint. Is the physiological variable exactly at its setpoint? Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback. Give a biological example of each. Is the setpoint constant or can it change over time? If setpoints can change over time, what is this called? Chapter 2:arrow_forwardDraw a reflex arc in the space provided. Label your illustration with the terms provided. Effector Integration center Motor neuron Sensory neuron Stimulus Synapsearrow_forward
- The venom of some cobras contains a mixture of substances that have a variety of physiological effects. One substance in the venom works by preventing acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors. Which of the following describes the effect of the venom on the prey of the cobra? Question 5 options: Muscle contractions are prevented, causing paralysis. Muscle contractions occur, but refractory periods would be longer. Action potentials are continuously generated, causing tetanus. Weak muscle contractions occur but are limited by ATP production by glycolysis.arrow_forwardState the effector and sensor of this system. Then choose if it utilizes a feedforward, negative feedback or positive feedback strategy.arrow_forwardA nerve conduction velocity test measures nerve conduction velocity. In this test, an electrical stimulus is applied to a peripheral nerve and the length of time it takes for the corresponding muscle to contract is measured. Because the length of the nerve from stimulus point to muscle and the time it takes for the muscle to contract are both known, NCV can be calculated. This test result is helpful in distinguishing between different types of pathologies. For example, a patient with muscle weakness is being tested by a physician. There are three possible sources of the weakness: Disease of the muscle itself such as muscular dystrophy. In this condition, normal muscle tissue is replaced by adipose tissue and the muscle becomes incapable of contraction. Disease at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) such as myasthenia gravis. This condition is described in the Skeletal Muscle Histology exercise and results from damage to the acetylcholine receptors on the muscle end plate. Disease…arrow_forward
- The action potential is fired by: a- Opening K+ channels by subthreshold response b- Opening Na Channels by threshold response c- Opening K+ channels by threshold response d- Opening Na by subthreshold responsearrow_forwardSome have compared the "all or none" action potential to flushing a toilet. The absolute refractory period (when no amount of pressing the lever will produce another flush) is set by: the inactivation of voltage gated potassium channels the inactivation of voltage gated sodium channels the opening of voltage gated sodium channels the inactivation of voltage gated chloride channelsarrow_forwardCompare (consider both similarities and differences), contrast, and give the physiological significance of the following pairs of terms: electrical and chemical synapses absolute refractory period vs. relative refractory periodarrow_forward
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