Biology
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260487947
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 1, Problem 2COQ
Summary Introduction
To explain: The way in which the given phenomenon is related to genomes and proteomes.
Introduction: Genome is defined as the complete genetic material that is present in an organism. It consists of both the coding as well as the non-coding parts of DNA. The study of the genome is termed as genomics. Whereas, the complete set of proteins that an organism consists is known as proteome. Proteomics is the study of proteome on a larger scale.
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Another way to study the role of proteins (e.g., transcription factors) that function in development is to microinject the mRNA that encodes a protein, or the purified protein itself, into an oocyte or embryo, and then determine how this affects the subsequent development of the embryo, larva, and adult. For example, if Bicoid protein is injected into the posterior region of an oocyte, the resulting embryo will develop into a larva that has anterior structures at both ends. Based on your understanding of the function of each developmental gene, what would be the predicted phenotype if the following proteins or mRNAs were injected into normal oocytes?
A. Nanos mRNA injected into the anterior end of an oocyte
B. Antp protein injected into the posterior end of an embryo
C. Toll mRNA injected into the dorsal side of an early embryo
Dystrophin is a protein that forms part of a vital protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber cell to the extracellular matrix. This connection strengthens and shapes the muscle fibers.
Dystrophin is coded by the DMD gene. This is one of the longest human genes known, covering 2,300,000 base pairs (0.08% of the human genome) It is located in chromosome 21. The immature mRNA is 2,100,000 bases long and takes 16 hours to transcribe. It contains 79 exons. The mature mRNA measures 14,000 and codes for a protein with 3,685 amino acids.
Abnormal expression of dystrophin leads to severe symptoms like muscle weakness and fatigability, a disease that is called muscular dystrophy. Most patients with muscular dystrophy become wheelchair dependent early in life. Cardiac muscle is also affected which results typically in premature death (~ second or third decade of life). Several mutations in this gene have led to the production of low levels of dystrophin or of a defective,…
“In an organism that reproduces asexually, there is no difference between a somatic cell mutation and a germ line mutation.” Is this statement true? Explain.
Chapter 1 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 1.1 - At which level of biological organization would...Ch. 1.3 - What is the relationship between biological...Ch. 1.3 - How does the concept of a tree of life differ from...Ch. 1.3 - Biologists sometimes say that the genome is the...Ch. 1.4 - Figure 1.10 The three domains of life. Two of...Ch. 1.4 - Why is it useful to place organisms into taxonomic...Ch. 1.5 - What is the purpose of a control group in...Ch. 1.5 - Explain how discovery-based science helped...Ch. 1.6 - Discuss the difference between discovery-based...Ch. 1.6 - What are the steps in the scientific method, also...
Ch. 1.6 - Prob. 3EQCh. 1.6 - Prob. 1CSCh. 1.6 - Core Skill: Modeling This modeling challenge asks...Ch. 1 - Which of the following is not a core concept of...Ch. 1 - Populations of organisms change over the course of...Ch. 1 - Prob. 3TYCh. 1 - Which of the following is an example of horizontal...Ch. 1 - The scientific name for humans is Homo sapiens....Ch. 1 - The complete genetic makeup of an organism a....Ch. 1 - Prob. 7TYCh. 1 - Prob. 8TYCh. 1 - Prob. 9TYCh. 1 - What is the purpose of using a control group in a...Ch. 1 - Of the five core concepts of biology described in...Ch. 1 - Explain how it is possible for evolution to result...Ch. 1 - Prob. 3CQCh. 1 - Discuss whether or not you think that theories in...Ch. 1 - Prob. 2COQ
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- Scientists are working to develop gene therapy to treat Batten disease, also known as Late Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (LINCL). This fatal, autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder results from a mutation in the gene that codes for the enzyme TPP1 (Tripeptidyl peptidase 1). In the absence of this enzyme, a substance called ceroid lipofuscin accumulates in lysosomes in the brain, resulting in seizures, blindness, decline in cognitive function and motor skills, dementia, and death by the late teens or early 20’s. The TPP1 gene is 6695 bp in length. Think about the characteristics of Batten disease, and then suggest an approach to gene therapy that might be effective for this specific genetic disorder. You may assume that your research team is working in the U.S. and your research is funded by a grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 1. Briefly outline a procedure that you could use to carry out the gene therapy for Batten disease.arrow_forwardIs it acceptable or not to edit the genome of human embryos to treat genetic diseases? There is a group of genetic disorders that cause fatal childhood diseases. To avoid having children with these genetic disorders, some parents choose to use a procedure called in vitro fertilization (IVF) followed by genetic testing. Typically, in the first step of IVF, women receive hormone injections to produce multiple eggs, after which the eggs are harvested. The eggs are then fertilized by sperm in a petri dish to make embryos, which are then transferred to a woman's uterus. If the goal is to identify embryos that do not have specific genetic conditions, doctors would screen the embryos before they are implanted into the woman - in other words, they would analyze the embryos' DNA to look for variants of the gene(s) that cause the genetic disorder. While the genetic testing of IVF-produced embryos has been done for decades, the procedure is controversial. The controversies include worries that…arrow_forwardAntibiotics such as chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and erythromycin inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria, but have no effect on the synthesis of proteins encoded by eukaryotic nuclear genes. Cycloheximide inhibits the synthesis of proteins encoded by nuclear genes, but has no effect on bacterial protein synthesis. How might these compounds be used to determine which proteins are encoded by mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes?arrow_forward
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Genome Annotation, Sequence Conventions and Reading Frames; Author: Loren Launen;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWvYgGyqVys;License: Standard Youtube License