Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781285866932
Author: Lauralee Sherwood
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 1, Problem 1TAHL
Summary Introduction
To describe:
The effect of decreased carbon dioxide on breathing keeping the negative feedback system into consideration.
Introduction:
Negative feedback is the feedback mechanism that result in the inhibition or slowing down of a process. It is always involved in the regulation of the homeostatic mechanisms. It occurs more often in the body.
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Students have asked these similar questions
Which of the following statements regarding control of respiration
is TRUE?
At high altitude, a decrease in PC02 of the blood stimulates an
increase in ventilation.
An increase in the HCO3- concentration in blood stimulates
ventilation.
A slight decrease in arterial PO2 is a stronger stimulus for increased
ventilation than is a comparable decrease in arterial PCO2.
The most important signal for regulating ventilation is the H+
concentration of arterial blood.
Increased concentrations of lactic acid stimulate ventilation primarily
by acting on peripheral chemoreceptors.
At rest the typical partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood is around 40mmHg, and the ventilation rate is around 15 breathes per minute. During vigorous exercise you would
expect the partial pressure of CO2 in the arterial blood to
which would cause the ventilation rate to
to compensate and restore homeostasis
Increase; decrease
Decrease; decrease
Increase; increase
Decrease; increase
Describe what happens in the respiratory system when you run to catch a bus by placing the following in order (#1-7). Consider that the running will have caused an increase in cellular respiration, which results in an increase in CO2 (this is the change in the variable). The increase in CO2 will be detected by the brain, which will ultimately cause an increase in ventilation.
Blood CO2 levels increased and O2 levels decreased.
Increased ventilation results.
Chemoreceptors detect decreased O2 and increased concentration of CO2/decreased pH.
Return to normal CO2 and O2 levels.
Respiratory centers increases its stimulation of spinal nerves (phrenic and intercostal).
Increased frequency and degree of contraction of respiratory muscles.
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors stimulate the respiratory centers in the brainstem.
Increased cellular respiration in response to the running.
Chapter 1 Solutions
Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 1.1 - Define physiology.Ch. 1.1 - The nutrient-absorbing intestinal cells have a...Ch. 1.2 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 1.2 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 1.2 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 1.3 - Distinguish among external environment, internal...Ch. 1.3 - Prob. 2CYUCh. 1.3 - Prob. 3CYUCh. 1.4 - Prob. 1CYUCh. 1.4 - Prob. 2CYU
Ch. 1.4 - Draw a row diagram showing the relationships among...Ch. 1 - Which of the following activities is not carried...Ch. 1 - Prob. 2RECh. 1 - Which of the following is not a type of connective...Ch. 1 - The term tissue can apply either to one of the...Ch. 1 - Cells in a multicellular organism have specialized...Ch. 1 - Cell specializations are usually a modification or...Ch. 1 - The four primary types of tissue are...Ch. 1 - Prob. 8RECh. 1 - Prob. 9RECh. 1 - _________ controls are inherent to an organ,...Ch. 1 - Prob. 11RECh. 1 - Compare physiology and anatomy.Ch. 1 - Prob. 2UCCh. 1 - Prob. 3UCCh. 1 - Prob. 4UCCh. 1 - What factors must be homeostatically maintained,...Ch. 1 - Prob. 6UCCh. 1 - Prob. 7UCCh. 1 - Prob. 1ACRCh. 1 - Prob. 1TAHLCh. 1 - Prob. 2TAHLCh. 1 - The hormone insulin enhances the transport of...Ch. 1 - Prob. 4TAHLCh. 1 - Prob. 5TAHL
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- The respiratory system_______. a. provides body tissues with oxygen b. provides body tissues with oxygen and carbon dioxide c. establishes how many breaths are taken per minute d. provides the body with carbon dioxidearrow_forwardThe respiratory components of the medulla consist of which of the following? Dorsal respiratory group Apneustic center Ventral respiratory group Pneumotaxic center 1 only 2 only 1 and 3 only 2 and 4 onlyarrow_forwardWhich of the following combinations would all result in an increase in stimulation to breathe? Group of answer choices decrease in PCO2 : increase in H+ : decrease in PO2 increase in PCO2 : increase in H+ : decrease in PO2 decrease in PCO2 : decrease in H+ : decrease in PO2 increase in PCO2 : decrease in H+ : increase in PO2 decrease in PCO2 : decrease in H+ : increase in PO2arrow_forward
- Respiratory cycles begin with inspiration and end with expiration and are driven by the respiratory control centre. Which of the following statements best describes the sensory inputs to the respiratory centres? Central chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies in the neck monitor arterial blood chemistry. Peripheral chemoreceptors detect an increase in the partial carbon dioxide pressure resulting in stimulation of the respiratory centres. Stretch receptors in the brainstem are activated when the lungs expand. Peripheral chemoreceptors monitor the chemistry of the cerebrospinal fluid to detect changes in pH.arrow_forwardThe physiological mechanisms which have caused respiratory rate to change during exercise. Before exercise Results are: RR 14 bpm, SpO2 98%, BP 130/70 mmHg (Mean arterial pressure 90 mmHg), HR 74 bpm. No cardiovascular or respiratory diseases. After exercise respiratory rate is now 20 bpm, her SpO2 is 100% on room air, BP is 140/80 mmHg (Mean arterial pressure 100 mmHg), and HR is 90 bpm. Breathing deeply and using accessory muscles.arrow_forward(a) The partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs can be varied rapidly by the rate and depth of breathing. For example, a common remedy to alleviate hiccups is to increase the concentration of CO2 in the lungs. This can be achieved by holding one’s breath, by very slow and shallow breathing (hypoventilation), or by breathing in and out of a paper bag.Under such conditions, pCO2 in the air space of the lungs rises above normal. Qualitatively explain the effect of these procedures on the blood pH.(b) A common practice of competitive short-distance runners is to breathe rapidly and deeply (hyperventilate) for about half a minute to remove CO2from their lungs just before the race begins. Blood pH may rise to 7.60. Explain why the blood pH increases.(c) During a short-distance run, the muscles produce a large amount of lactic acid (CH2CH(OH)COOH; K2 = 1.38 × 10 –4 M) from their glucose stores. Why might hyperventilation before a dash be useful?arrow_forward
- Which of the following is true of the regulation of breathing in humans? Select all that apply. Check All That Apply The concentration of oxygen in the blood is the primary regulator of breathing rate. Breathing can be controlled consciously but is usually subconsciously controlled by the brain. A compound that lowers blood pH would increase respiration rate. Increased levels of blood carbon dioxide lead to an increase in bicarbonate production, which buffers the blood, making it harde oxygen to enter tissues. Respiration increases with the increased production of carbon dioxide during exercise.arrow_forwardConsider the following situation: You try to hold your breath for as long as you can, but you can do so only for about a minute voluntarily. Eventually, you can hold your breath no longer, and you start breathing involuntarily. Which parts of the brain are involved in the two actions? What is the physiologic process involved in the regulation of respiration?arrow_forwardWhich of the following are stages in the control of breathing during exercise? Select all that apply. --During exercise, aerobic respiration causes a rise in CO2 concentration as well as acidity in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. --Deeper and more frequent breaths expel more CO2 and this reduces CO2 concentration and acidity in the blood. --The stimulated brain alters the breathing pattern of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. --Increased blood CO2 excites chemoreceptors in the arteries and the brain.arrow_forward
- Heart rate is controlled by the SA node, a patch of cells on the heart. Respiratory rate, on the other hand, is controlled by the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata. Why isn’t control of respiratory rate housed in the lungs themselves? (hint: think of muscles involved in each process.arrow_forwardWhich one of the following statements about the afferent components of the respiratory control system is INCORRECT? Select one: a. In order to stimulate hyperventilation the sympathetic nervous system tricks the carotid body by constricting the capillaries that serve glomus cells; reduced blood flow to the cell causes localised hypoxia triggering a compensatory hyperventilation response even before systemic hypoxia is apparent. b. In type 1 glomus cells of the carotid bodies, hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidosis trigger afferent signalling by inhibiting K+ channels, depolarising the cell membrane, and opening voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that trigger the release of neurotransmitters onto afferent glossopharyngeal nerve fibres. c. Chemoreceptor cells can be found in the carotid body. d. The glossopharyngeal nerve transmits afferent impulses from the carotid body to the ventral respiratory group of neurons.arrow_forwardA student undertakes a project to determine the effect of carbon dioxide on respiration rate using the following methodology. A volunteer inhaled air from a bag containing a predetermined amount of carbon dioxide (with partial pressure in torr) and the number of breaths per minute was recorded. Her data are given below: Partial pressure CO2 (torr) Respiration rate (breaths/minute) 30 8.1 32 8.0 34 9.9 36 11.2 38 11.0 40 13.2 42 14.6 44 16.6 46 16.7 48 18.3 50 18.2 Choose the best statistical test for this study. a. Correlation b. Simple Linear Regression c. Non-Linear Regression d. General Linear Model Regressionarrow_forward
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