Young downstream salmon migrants moving from their freshwater natal streams into the sea leave an environment nearly free of salt to enter one containing three times as much salt as their body fluids. Describe osmotic challenges of each environment and suggest phys-iological adjustments salmon must make in moving from freshwater to the sea

Introduction: The Impact of Ocean Acidification on Shellfish Calcification The health of the world's oceans is vital to the planet's overall well-being, as they play a crucial role in regulating climate, supporting biodiversity, and providing resources and livelihoods to millions of people worldwide. However, anthropogenic activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, have led to increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, resulting in the phenomenon known as ocean acidification. This process involves the absorption of CO2 by seawater, leading to a decrease in pH levels and alterations in the carbonate chemistry of the ocean. Among the various marine organisms affected by ocean acidification, shell-forming organisms such as shellfish are particularly vulnerable. Shellfish, including mollusks like oysters, clams, and mussels, rely on calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to build and maintain their shells or exoskeletons. As the acidity of seawater increases, it becomes more challenging for…

Which mechanism of osmoregulation is shared by sharks and hagfish?     the osmolarity of their plasma is about the same as that of sea water     both are osmoregulators     both excrete all of their nitrogenous wastes as uric acid     both drink large amounts of fresh water to avoid desiccation (drying out)

Regarding the function of nephrozoan nephridia, would you expect the final urine of a freshwater species to contain more or less water than the final urine of marine species?  Explain.