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You stimulate a presynaptic neuron to create an action potential. Then, you record what happens to membrane potential in a postsynaptic neuron. You see "B" response. Which type of receptor is implicated? nicotinic metabotropic ionotropic cholinergic

You stimulate a presynaptic neuron to create an action potential. Then, you record what happens to membrane potential in a postsynaptic neuron. You see "B" response. Which type of receptor is implicated? nicotinic metabotropic ionotropic cholinergic

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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### Understanding the Phases of an Action Potential The diagram presented above illustrates the various phases of an action potential, which is a rapid and temporary change in the electrical membrane potential across a cell membrane. This process is fundamental in the functioning of neurons and muscle cells. #### Key Points of the Diagram: 1. **Resting Membrane Potential**: - **Location**: Marked as the "resting" level on the diagram. - **Explanation**: At this stage, the neuron is not transmitting a signal. The inside of the cell has a negative charge relative to the outside. 2. **Threshold Potential**: - **Location**: Indicated as the "threshold" line above the resting level. - **Explanation**: The minimum potential that must be reached for an action potential to be initiated. 3. **Phases of Action Potential**: - **A: Depolarization Initiation**: - **Description**: A small initial increase in membrane potential indicates minor depolarizations. - **Explanation**: Due to the influx of sodium ions (Na+), the inside of the cell becomes less negative. - **B: Hyperpolarization**: - **Description**: A small drop below the resting potential. - **Explanation**: The membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential due to the efflux of potassium ions (K+). - **C: Threshold Reaching**: - **Description**: The membrane potential starts to sharply rise. - **Explanation**: The potential reaches a threshold value and depolarization proceeds rapidly as more sodium channels open (indicated by the red arrows). - **D: Peak of Action Potential**: - **Description**: The highest point of the graph. - **Explanation**: The inside of the cell has a net positive charge due to the rapid influx of sodium ions. - **E: Repolarization and Return to Resting State**: - **Description**: The steep downward slope returning to the resting level. - **Explanation**: The membrane potential is restored to its resting state through the efflux of potassium ions and the closing of sodium channels. #### Detailed Explanation: - **Depolarization**: Begins when a stimulus causes a small increase in membrane potential until it reaches the threshold. If this threshold is met, a larger influx of sodium ions causes rapid depolarization, resulting in
Transcribed Image Text:### Understanding the Phases of an Action Potential The diagram presented above illustrates the various phases of an action potential, which is a rapid and temporary change in the electrical membrane potential across a cell membrane. This process is fundamental in the functioning of neurons and muscle cells. #### Key Points of the Diagram: 1. **Resting Membrane Potential**: - **Location**: Marked as the "resting" level on the diagram. - **Explanation**: At this stage, the neuron is not transmitting a signal. The inside of the cell has a negative charge relative to the outside. 2. **Threshold Potential**: - **Location**: Indicated as the "threshold" line above the resting level. - **Explanation**: The minimum potential that must be reached for an action potential to be initiated. 3. **Phases of Action Potential**: - **A: Depolarization Initiation**: - **Description**: A small initial increase in membrane potential indicates minor depolarizations. - **Explanation**: Due to the influx of sodium ions (Na+), the inside of the cell becomes less negative. - **B: Hyperpolarization**: - **Description**: A small drop below the resting potential. - **Explanation**: The membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential due to the efflux of potassium ions (K+). - **C: Threshold Reaching**: - **Description**: The membrane potential starts to sharply rise. - **Explanation**: The potential reaches a threshold value and depolarization proceeds rapidly as more sodium channels open (indicated by the red arrows). - **D: Peak of Action Potential**: - **Description**: The highest point of the graph. - **Explanation**: The inside of the cell has a net positive charge due to the rapid influx of sodium ions. - **E: Repolarization and Return to Resting State**: - **Description**: The steep downward slope returning to the resting level. - **Explanation**: The membrane potential is restored to its resting state through the efflux of potassium ions and the closing of sodium channels. #### Detailed Explanation: - **Depolarization**: Begins when a stimulus causes a small increase in membrane potential until it reaches the threshold. If this threshold is met, a larger influx of sodium ions causes rapid depolarization, resulting in
### Understanding Synaptic Transmission in Neurons: In this exercise, we aim to identify the type of receptor involved in postsynaptic neuron response after presynaptic stimulation. **Question:** You stimulate a presynaptic neuron to create an action potential. Then, you record what happens to membrane potential in a postsynaptic neuron. You see "B" response. Which type of receptor is implicated? #### Options: - Nicotinic - Metabotropic - Ionotropic - Cholinergic **Analysis of Options:** 1. **Nicotinic Receptors**: - These are a type of acetylcholine receptor that form ligand-gated ion channels in the plasma membranes of certain neurons. 2. **Metabotropic Receptors**: - These receptors are linked with signal proteins and G-proteins and mediate slower, more prolonged responses. 3. **Ionotropic Receptors**: - These are ligand-gated ion channels that allow ions to flow in or out of the neuron directly, leading to fast synaptic responses. 4. **Cholinergic Receptors**: - This term broadly refers to any receptor that binds acetylcholine, comprising both nicotinic and muscarinic (a subtype of metabotropic) receptors. For this question, understanding the specific cell responses and the mechanism through which receptors act is critical for an accurate answer. The provided options suggest understanding the basics of different receptor types and their functions. **Charts or Graphs:** No charts or graphs are provided in this question. The answer must be inferred based on the theoretical understanding of different types of receptors. In conclusion, identifying the type of receptor is crucial for understanding neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in neurophysiology.
Transcribed Image Text:### Understanding Synaptic Transmission in Neurons: In this exercise, we aim to identify the type of receptor involved in postsynaptic neuron response after presynaptic stimulation. **Question:** You stimulate a presynaptic neuron to create an action potential. Then, you record what happens to membrane potential in a postsynaptic neuron. You see "B" response. Which type of receptor is implicated? #### Options: - Nicotinic - Metabotropic - Ionotropic - Cholinergic **Analysis of Options:** 1. **Nicotinic Receptors**: - These are a type of acetylcholine receptor that form ligand-gated ion channels in the plasma membranes of certain neurons. 2. **Metabotropic Receptors**: - These receptors are linked with signal proteins and G-proteins and mediate slower, more prolonged responses. 3. **Ionotropic Receptors**: - These are ligand-gated ion channels that allow ions to flow in or out of the neuron directly, leading to fast synaptic responses. 4. **Cholinergic Receptors**: - This term broadly refers to any receptor that binds acetylcholine, comprising both nicotinic and muscarinic (a subtype of metabotropic) receptors. For this question, understanding the specific cell responses and the mechanism through which receptors act is critical for an accurate answer. The provided options suggest understanding the basics of different receptor types and their functions. **Charts or Graphs:** No charts or graphs are provided in this question. The answer must be inferred based on the theoretical understanding of different types of receptors. In conclusion, identifying the type of receptor is crucial for understanding neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity in neurophysiology.
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