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Describe the general rules for neurotransmitters secreted by pre-and postganglionic neurons in the autonomic division of the nervous system. Be sure to identify them and specify the types of receptors each binds to
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- In the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, there are two cholinergic synapses (synapses mediated by acetylcholine) on the way to the target tissue. The first synapse is in the autonomic ganglion (from the "preganglionic neuron"), and is always mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NACHRS). The second synapse (from the "postganglionic neuron") is on the target cell, and is mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). B. One of these synapses produces a long-lasting hyperpolarization of its target cell. Which synapse, and why?Imagine that a toxin creates pores that are permeable to Ca2+. Describe its immediate effect on the resting potential of the neuron: identify which ions diffuse across the membrane, which direction they diffuse (and why), and whether this brings the neuron closer to or further from threshold potential. asap pleaseIn the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, there are two cholinergic synapses (synapses mediated by acetylcholine) on the way to the target tissue. The first synapse is in the autonomic ganglion (from the "preganglionic neuron"), and is always mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NACHRS). The second synapse (from the "postganglionic neuron") is on the target cell, and is mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). C. Which synapse is expected to be blocked by removal of Ca2+ from the external solution?
- In the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, there are two cholinergic synapses (synapses mediated by acetylcholine) on the way to the target tissue. The first synapse is in the autonomic ganglion (from the "preganglionic neuron"), and is always mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NACHRS). The second synapse (from the "postganglionic neuron") is on the target cell, and is mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). A. Which of these synapses is expected to always produce a rapid depolarization of the postsynaptic cell? Explain your answer.Nervous system functions that directly employ acetylcholine neurotransmitters are referred to as cholinergic. Drugs that might be therapeutic in treating the symptoms of dopamine loss in Parkinson’s disease could include multiple choice 1 dopaminergic agonists and cholinergic antagonists. dopaminergic antagonists and cholinergic antagonists. dopaminergic antagonists and cholinergic agonists. dopaminergic agonists and cholinergic agonists. 2. From the information provided, drugs used to treat Parkinson’s disease symptoms will act at which location? multiple choice 2 The globus pallidus The substantia nigra The striatum 3. Which of the following might be therapeutic in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms? multiple choice 3 all of these choices listed may be therapeutic increasing dopamine receptor responsiveness monoamine oxidase inhibition increasing dopamine release decreasing dopamine…Explain how and why surface receptors on neurons arespecific for certain neurotransmitters?
- What type of synaptic potential (if any; be sure to indicate if any modification is occurring as well) would occur if: a.) An MAO inhibitor type of antidepressant is functioning at an active dopaminergic synapse that increases the rate of sodium flowing into the cell. b.) Prozac is present at an active serotonin synapse where receptor activation increases the flow of potassium out of the cell.Explain how ligand-gated channels are opened, using nicotinic ACh receptors as an example.A patient has been exposed to the organophosphate pesticide malathion,which inactivates acetylcholinesterase. Which of the following symptoms would you predict: blurring of vision, excess tear formation, frequent or involuntary urination, pallor (pale skin), muscle twitching, orcramps? Would atropine be an effective drug to treat the symptoms?(See Clinical Impact 16.2 for the action of atropine.) Explain.
- Which of the following is characteristic of parasympathetic ganglia the ganglia are formed of the cell bodies of general somatic efferent neurons O the ganglia are formed of the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons parasympathetic autonomic ganglia are ALL found within the walls of the effector glands or organs synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons are formed within the autonomic gangliaWith respect to the three structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar & multipolar): State which parts of each type of neuron receive information, which parts integrate information, and which parts conduct the output signal of the neuron. Describe the location of the cell bodies of each type of neuron within the nervous system.The following diagram represents a typical serotonergic synapse. Where, specifically, do antidepressants work (e.g. SSRI)? Neurotransmitter Neurotransmitter transporter Аxon Synaptic vesicle terminal Voltage- gated Ca?+ channel Synaptic cleft Receptor Postsynaptic density Dendrite Neurotransmitter Synaptic Vesicle Neurotransmitter transporter (aka Reuptake transporter) Receptor O All of the above
