You decide to have your genome sequenced. The results come back and show that you have a gain-of-function mutation in a single copy of a proto-oncogene. Does this mean you are destined to get cancer? Yes, more than likely you will develop cancer. Not necessarily. You will only get cancer if the second copy of the gene also develops a loss-of-function mutation. Not necessarily. You will only get cancer if the second copy of the gene also develops a gain-of-function mutation. Not enough info to tell

Sequencing the human genome, the development of microarray technology, and personal genomics promise to improve our understanding of normal and abnormal cell behavior. How are these approaches dramatically changing our understanding and treatment of complex diseases such as cancer?

. The website CBioPortal (http://www.cbioportal.org)is an exceptionally useful program for visualizing thecancer genes and genomes of tumors from thousandsof patients with different kinds of cancer that havebeen analyzed by whole genome sequencing and insome cases, by RNA-Seq.Go the the CBioPortal site and click All underSelect Cancer Study and in Enter Gene Set typePTEN, then hit Submit. On the page that is returnedyou will see how the coding region of the PTEN geneis altered in tumors investigated in the various studies.Hitting the tab Mutations will let you see the detailsof these mutations relative to the PTEN protein, whilethe tab Expression lets you see how the gene’s expression (in terms of cDNA reads) is altered in individual tumor samples.a. Is PTEN an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene?What kinds of evidence lead you to this conclusion?b. What kinds of cancer are most likely to involvealterations of PTEN?c. How would you identify patients whose tumorcells are particularly…

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