You are studying the M-cyclin. You treat mitotic cells with an inhibitor of the proteasome and find that M-cyclin is no longer degraded and that this prolongs mitosis. You also find that in the presence of the inhibitor, M-cyclin is now running slower/larger in a Western than you have previously observed. In 1-2 sentences, explain why this might be happening.

By what molecular pathway does loss of cell cycle regulation in an organism lead to cancer? What genetic changes can cooperate to accomplish the cancer cell’s escape from the normal balance of cell growth?

To identify genes controlling the cell cycle in budding yeast, a genetic screen was carried out. In this screen, haploid yeast cells were exposed to a DNA damaging agent to introduce random mutations in the genome. By culturing cells at an elevated temperature (e.g. 37 degrees), where many mutated genes lose their function, scientists identified yeast mutants that showed growth defects and arrest at specific stages of the cell cycle (e.g. in mitosis with large buds). In this screen, mutants of the cyclin-dependent kinase were identified, but not mutants of cyclins. Explain the reason for this outcome.

You plan to synthesize a peptide to be used as a vaccine to treat melanoma, a particularly aggressive form of skin cancer. Normally, gp100, a protein on the surface of melanocytes, activates cell growth when it is bound by its ligand. Activation of the growth pathway depends on the presence of threonine in the ligand. The effective peptide vaccine will mimic the natural ligand, but won’t cause cell growth and division. Below is the sequence of the natural ligand:   LDMKTAG   In order to ensure your newly designed peptide vaccine does not cause cell growth upon binding, you must substitute the Threonine residue at position 5. What amino acid would you replace it with, bearing in mind that the peptide should still be similar enough to bind to the gp100 protein in the surface of melanocytes. Explain your choice. Your vaccine will be administered as a topical cream, and you require your peptide to have an overall neutral charge in order to be functional. At what pH should you formulate…

Human cells are highly resistant to transformation. Experiments have shown that 5 regulatory circuits (pathways) have to be altered before human cells can grow as tumor cells in immunocompromised mice. State each of these circuits. Explain how the alteration of the protein of that particular circuit leads to uncontrolled growth.        the mitogenic signaling pathway controlled by Ras. the cell cycle checkpoint controlled by pRb. the alarm pathway controlled by p53. the telomere maintenance pathway controlled by hTERT. the signaling pathways are controlled by protein phosphatase 2A, which modulates the activity of the mTOR, Myc, β-catenin, and PKB/ Akt signaling proteins.

Most diseases are caused by disruptions in cellular function. You are to research a disease that is a disturbance at the cellular level. Usually, there are problems with the organelles within the cells. So essentially, you can look up things like....mitochondrial diseaselysosomal disorderscellular receptor disorders Once you have found a disease you should include the following in your 2 paragraph summary.1-Description and how is occurs2-Is it genetic?3-Are there cures?4-What does research show as far as cures or treatments?5-How does it affect one's life?

Artificially induced apoptosis (controlled cellular death) is found to be an effective treat- ment for some forms of cancer. Which of the following describes the most likely mechanism by which apoptosis might be induced? A B с D by causing ribosomes to increase the rate of protein synthesis by triggering the division of mitochondria in the cell to increase ATP production by increasing the expression of membrane-bound glucose protein channels by causing lysosomes to release digestive enzymes into the cytosol

List and describe 4 of the main regulators of the cell cycle. Then describe the involvement of a CDK substrate at each stage of the cell cycle: G1, S, G2, M. 2. DESCRIBE (do not just list) three mechanisms that keep the cell cycle moving in only one direction. Then describe how these mechanisms play a role at one specific stage of the cell cycle. 3. What are the three main classes of genes implicated in cancer? Describe each one and give an example of each one. 4. DESCRIBE (do not just list) 4 developmental strategies that cause different cells and tissues to acquire different identities during embryogenesis. Then explain how iPS cells are an exception to the overall trend of cells decreasing in pluripotency as they develop. 5. Describe three unique cell biological features of sperm cells and three unique cell biological features of egg cells. By "unique", I mean a feature that is not common in most cells. 6. You have just identified a mouse gene that is homologous to other vertebrate…

A patient who has been diagnosed with cancer has been given a blood test in order for their doctors to investigate their genetic code. What information from the test would help confirm the patient's cancer diagnosis? O Data indicating somatic cell production is being inhibited by the patient's cancer cells Data indicating there is a genetic mutation in a protein controlling the patient's cell's cycle Data indicating gametes are becoming diploid cells due to the introduction of cancerous cells. O Data indicating that cells are increasing their chromosome number due to the occurrence of cancer cells. Next 8:29 AM Previous へロ ) 4/6/2021 12016000076202 F12 Home F10 F11 F8 F9 prisc F6 F7 F5 F3 F4 F1 F2 & #3 $ 7 3 4 * 00