Why Water in soil freezes at temperatures lower than 0°C (32°F)?

Water quality indicates that the water contains Na* at 50 mg/L, K* at 30 mg/L, Ca2+ at 80 mg/L, and Mg²+ at 65 mg/L (all concentrations are already in mg/L as CACO3). What is the hardness of the water (in mg/L as CaCO3)?

Subject is soils mechanics

What is the pH of a solution made by dissolving 3.71 grams of calcium fluoride in enough water to make 450 mL of solution? The Ka for HF is 6.8x10-4.

How many pounds per day (lbs/day) of lime and soda ash need to be delivered daily to a plant treating groundwater with the following characteristics (do not worry about adding any safety factor, even though you would in the real world): Calcium Carbonate Hardness (CaCH) = 200 mg/L as Calcium Carbonate Magnesium Non-Carbonate Hardness = 100 mg/L as Calcium Carbonate (Use soda ash; carbon dioxide is not an option) Alkalinity= 200 mg/L as Calcium Carbonate Flow Treated = 10 MGD The answers are expressed in units of lbs/day with lime first followed by soda ash O 4,800 and 3,100 O 22,600 and 31,000 O 15,000 and 7,400 O 18,500 and 8,800

A seawater sample has a chlorinity of 2.8 percent. Calculate its salinity in parts-per-thousand (ppt) using Forchhammer’s principle. Show your calculations.

Describe Permeability (Hydraulic Conductivity).

What are the two reasons for using vacuum filtration to collect the alum crystals?

Detail explainatory solution required

Water that originates from precipitation of rain or snow is _______, while that which comes from unconfined underground streams is _________.