Why is it important that cell surface markers be similar when transplanting donor tissue into a host?  How do the alleles of the glycosyltransferase (GT) gene control the presence of A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells?

Q: IgM antibodies are much more efficient than IgG at activating the complement cascade. However, under…

A: IgG and IgM are types of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection. The…

Q: Most of the enzymes involved in immunoglobulin gene rearrangement are ubiquitously expressed in all…

A: Introduction: The enzymes RAG 1 & RAG 2 cut and rearranges DNA to produce different types of…

Q: What is the effect of the changes in the structure of the immunoglobulin G and its function of…

A: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are large globular proteins with a molecular weight of about 150…

Q: Different classes of immunoglobulins are distinguished by the structure of their heavy chain…

A: Introduction: An antibody is a glycoprotein produced by the plasma cells in response to an allergen…

Q: Antibodies produced by one's own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream,…

A: Antibody  Antibody is Y shaped molecules which are made up of proteins. They help in fighting with…

Q: Is it possible for a B cell heavy chain to have non-templated nucleotides (N) but no p nucleotides…

A: B cells Immunity is the ability to fight disease ad this is done by the generation of immune…

Q: Secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) are important sites for the initiation of T cell responses via…

A: When an antigen enters into the human body, then the acute inflammation occured immediately . After…

Q: Each immunoglobulin (Ig) domain is composed of a structure known as a ‘b-sandwich,’ which consists…

A: The five fundamental classes of immunoglobulins occur IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE. These are…

Q: What are three roles played by the Fc domain of an antibody?

A: Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four…

Q: There are two classes of MHC molecules with distinct subunit compositions but similar…

A: Major histocompatibility complex is a set of protein coding genes . These genes are found on the…

Q: Explain the mechanism underlying the molecular structure of C7, C8, and C9 complement protein

A: The complement system consist of 35 proteins found within the plasma or sure to host cells, forms an…

Q: Describe the major chromosomal translocation that results in deregulated oncogenic signaling and…

A: Translocation is a process in which a part of the chromosomes is separated and joints with the other…

Q: TCRs versus antibodies, the overall domain organization of the TCR is not the same as for an…

A: Antibodies bind to a different types of antigenic shapes while TCRs only recognise  antigenic…

Q: Ataxia-telangiectasis (ATM) is a rare genetic neurodegenerative disease. About 20% of people with…

A: Ataxia-telangiectasia ( A-T) is caused by mutations in the ATM (ATM serine/threonine kinase or…

Q: In addition to combinatorial joining, what other two processes play a role in antibody diversity?

A: Antibody diversity plays important role in the recognition of foreign antigens. It helps to provide…

Q: (a) Identify both the cellular component and the location of the component that is responsible for…

A: Luciferase reporter produces luminescence. If cells contain a luciferase vector, the luminescent…

Q: For immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes, and for T-cell receptor b chain genes, there are a…

A: The T-cell receptors are present on the surface of the T-cells also known as T-lymphocytes. They…

Q: The extensive polymorphism of MHC genes in the population is thought to represent an evolutionary…

A: (b) Much better at recognizing rare pathogens not encountered by most individuals in that…

Q: Flow cytometry analysis was performed on the blood of an individual known to have been recently…

A: Rhino virus: it causes common cold, pneumonia in children.  Mycobacterium: it causes tuberculosis.…

Q: Three major cell types, dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, present peptides bound to MHC…

A: In the human body, the resistance against the entry of any foreign particle or antigens is executed…

Q: T cells have to work in a partnership with an Antigen Presenting Cell (APC). Before this can occur,…

A: Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) are phagocytic cells which engulfs pathogens. Some example of APC are…

Q: Genetic factors contribute to the development of IgE-mediated allergic disease.  Genetic studies…

A: In certain people, allergies can result in a variety of immunological responses. Both allergic…

Q: The expression of MHC class II molecules is restricted to a small number of cell types. A. What…

A: Full form of MHC is Major histocompatibility complex. It is helpful in finding foreign particles in…

Q: Which of the enzymatic fragments are able to bind antigen?

A: BASIC INFORMATION  IMMUNE SYSTEM  It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause…

Q: Which domain of antibody defines its type and which domain is for specificity against antigen. Also…

A: Antibody is also known as immunoglobulin is a Y-shaped protein. They helps in providing immunity to…

Q: Which of the IgG subclasses is most efficient at activating complement?

A: Immunoglobulins, otherwise called antibodies, are glycoprotein particles created by plasma cells.…

Q: The adaptive immune system uses multiple strategies to generate diversity in our ability to mount…

A: Adaptive immunity is made up of two main components: T cells and B cells. An immune system that…

Q: high

A: In sensitized individuals, on the surface of tissue cells (basophils and mast cells) the IgE…

Q: It has been suggested that complexes of IgE with allergen can be transferred from mother to child…

A: An Allergic infant will normally have symptoms in several body systems. An increased immunoglobulin…

Q: To study the immune responses that provide protection against tumor growth in mice, some…

A: Cytokines are immunological molecules present in biological systems that are important for cell…

Q: Why is it important to match HLA alleles between donor and recipient in organ transplantation?

A: HLA(human leukocyte antigen) are proteins or markers that are found on most cells in our body. They…

Q: Explain how site-specific recombination of the κ light-chain gene increases antibody diversity.

A: The immune system of the body is responsible for protecting an individual against the attack of…

Q: Suppose that a particular species of vertebrate animal has immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes that…

A: ANSWER;-

Genomic studies

Genomic studies (genomics) is the study of the whole genome of an organism. Using bioinformatics and high-performance computing, genomic researchers examined massive amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-sequence data to discover variations or mutations that affect drug response, health, or disease. Genomics is a much younger discipline than genetics, having only emerged in the last few decades as a result of technological advancements in DNA sequencing and computational biology.