Why has phosphorylation by kinases one of the choice pathways that evolved for signal transduction? Are there chemical or physical properties associated with the phosphate group that makes it ideal for signaling?
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Why has phosphorylation by kinases one of the choice pathways that evolved for signal transduction?
Are there chemical or physical properties associated with the phosphate group that makes it ideal for signaling?
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- Which three amino acid residues can be phosphorylated by kinases? What property do these amino acids share that make them targets for phosphorylation? How does phosphorylation of these amino acids alter their chemical properties?Why is the GTPase activity of G proteins crucial to the proper functioning of a cell? Why have G proteins not evolved to catalyze GTP hydrolysis more efficiently?d) Alcohols usually don't behave as a weak acids, but tyrosine does. Explain why Y ionizes, while S and T do not. e) Is Y ionization physiologically relevant? Explain. f) Y is capable of being phosphorylated by kinases in vivo. What mutation might you introduce to render Y unphosphorylatable? Constitutively phosphorylated?
- What is the benefit of using second messangers and phosphorylation cascades during the transduction step of cell signaling?What are the three main parts of a signaling pathway? Give a detailed specific example, such as how epinephrine signals for rapid digestion of glycogen in liver cells.The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins is a vital means of regulation. Protein kinases attach phosphoryl groups, whereas only a phosphatase will remove the phosphoryl group from the target protein. What is the energy cost of this means of covalent regulation?
- This question pertains to membrane transport and cell signaling. What are kinases and phosphatases? Why are they important in cellular signaling pathways?Compare and contrast GPCR and RTK signaling. What role does GTP play in each? What role does phosphorylation play? How is each signal differently amplified? How do these two signaling types compare to steroid signaling with respect to gene activation?What key role does signal transduction play in the signaling process?
- How is an extracellular signal converted to an intracellular signal in signal transduction? Give a specific example.A mutated form of the α subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein has been identified; this form readily exchanges nucleotides even in the absence of an activated receptor. What would be the effect on a signaling pathway containing the mutated α subunit?Why is the GTPase activity of G proteins crucial to the proper functioning of a cell? Propose a theory as to why G proteins have not evolved to catalyze GTP hydrolysis more efficiently.