Q: What type of immune response involved in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?
A: The systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks…
Q: Encapsulated organisms can be phagocytized once antibodies against the capsule have been produced.…
A: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that have an undefined nucleus and nuclear membrane. Most of the…
Q: How may the “immunologically privileged” status of the immune system play a role in latent…
A: Some microbes can remain inactive in the host bodies. They hide from the host immune system. For…
Q: For which disease are active and passive immunization givensimultaneously?a. influenza b. yellow…
A: Active immunization refers to immunization by vaccination in which the body responds to antigens in…
Q: Explain the Action of the complement system against abacterium ?
A: Complement is a complex protein network of plasma and an integral part of the innate immune system.…
Q: How can an organism thatonce underwent contact withan antigen be immunizedagainst future infections…
A: Immunization is a process that enables the immune system to get acquainted with the antigen. Once an…
Q: How is fver involved in immunology, if it get too high, wj=hy is that dangerous.( Answer in terms of…
A: An elevated body temperature is responsible for triggering cellular mechanisms which ensures that…
Q: What circumstances can contribute to attenuation ofa pathogen?
A: Pathogens are the organisms that can cause disease or infections after invading the host cells and…
Q: What is the term that describes how pathogens alter their surface antigens to prevent antibody…
A: Pathogens are the organisms which upon entering in to the host causes infectious diseases.
Q: What mechanism do Tc cells use to identify anddestroy infected cells in the body? How do Th cells…
A: Immune system protects the body against infection. Cells involved in immune functions are known as…
Q: How would you argue antigenic nature of LPS in gram negative cell wall?
A: Gram-negative bacteria are characterized by an envelope that contains two membranes: an inner…
Q: hy immune system does not recognize the normal flora of microbes as antigen? with explanation
A: The immune system is well-knwon defined as a term that stated as a complicated system of cells and…
Q: Why are vaccines used inthe prevention but not in thetreatment of infections? Whycan antivenom…
A: Introduction: Our bodies suffer from infection when any foreign particles enter in our body…
Q: Why should an immunodeficient person avoid traveling through hot, dry, dusty areas of the Southwest?
A: Immunodeficiency is a state in which the immune system of an individual is compromised and his/her…
Q: What additional type of immune cells is required foran adaptive immune response?
A: A network of cells, tissues, and organs work together for the protection of the body and fight…
Q: High numbers of “good” bacteria are foundin the intestine and on the skin. The immune system needs…
A: All cells have distinguishing markers on their surfaces. A portion of the markers is made of…
Q: Why is AIDS difficult toprevent by vaccination?
A: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a condition that causes damage to the immune system of…
Q: what is the difference between antigens and haptens
A: The general ability of the body to recognize, neutralize, and eliminate foreign substances is called…
Q: Which of the following is NOT a way that an antibody can destroy a bacterial cell? a.…
A: Ans :- option (D) is right
Q: All of the following are methods protozoans use to avoid the host immune response EXCEPT O antigenic…
A: Escape mechanisms are strategies by which parasites avoid the killing effect of the immune system in…
Q: he name of the waxy chemical found in Mycobacterium cell walls that promotes immunevasion?
A: Neither absolutely gram-negative nor gram-positive, the envelope of mycobacteria is planned to…
Q: What measure a microbe would take to escape from immune system? Explain your answer with examples?
A: Micro organisms and Immune System -- Micro organisms or microbes are defined as organisms which can…
Q: Why is the adaptive immune response to an initial infection slower thanthe innate response?
A: Natural immunity is called innate immunity that is present in all animals. It is the primary defense…
Q: How does the immune response of the human body differ from a bacterial infection vs. an invasion of…
A: Immune system is composed of cells, organs and proteins. It protects our body from harmful…
Q: Why are some pathogens more noticeable than others?
A: A pathogen is an organism that causes disease in its host, with virulence referring to the intensity…
Q: suppose than individual's arm is cut, and because of this injury, bacteria are able to gain entry to…
A: When it comes to protecting the body then immune system is the system that acts as defense mechanism…
Q: The adaptive immune system has a memory. How does this memory improve the host’s response in…
A: The adaptive immune system is also known as acquired immunity and it uses specific antigens to…
Q: What are the the host immune defenses that the Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae,…
A: Immune system has a defense mechanism against microbial infection which has to be overcome by the…
Q: what is the role of the media in mass immunization
A: Media is a source of information for the general public. Media is of different types. 1. Print…
Q: What is the meaning of infective stage, pathogenic stage and diagnostic stage?
A: Infectious biology deals with the pathogens and their mode of infection in the host and the diseases…
Q: What is immunisation?
A: The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes…
Q: Describe how antiviral agents act against infection.
A: A drug is any chemical substance that alters the physiology or psychology of an organism when eaten.…
Q: What conditions compromise host defenses against microorganisms?
A: The term "human microbiome" refers to the complex biological system of microbes that resides in and…
Q: Pathogenic infections induce damage to the host by a variety of mechanisms. While many mechanisms…
A: An immune response is a process that takes place inside an organism to protect it from foreign…
Q: What is the difference between nonspecific host defenses and immuneresponses?
A: The immune system is one of the defined organ systems of the body that serves the function of…
Q: What is the virus thatcauses flu? Why doesn't thebody produce permanentimmunity against that…
A: A virus is a submicroscopic infectious particle that replicates only inside the living cells of an…
Q: How does antigenic variation help pathogen evade a host's defenses?
A: antigenic variation It is a pathogen's defence mechanism in which certain pathogens alter their…
Q: What are the cellsresponsible for the productionof antibodies?
A: Antibodies are a specialized type of proteins that attach and bind with the body’s foreign invaders…
Q: How different are theactions of antibodies againstbacteria and against virus?Why is the cellular…
A: Immunology is the branch of medical science that deals with the study of the immune system and…
Q: What are pathogens?
A: Communicable diseases or infectious diseases are the one which gets spread from one individual to…
Q: How are antivenomsproduced? Why areantivenoms an example ofpassive immunization?
A: Antivenoms are substances which are used to counteract venomous substances from other organisms to…
Q: In what ways is a phagocyte a tiny container of disinfectants?
A: Phagocytes are the cells which protects the body by the process of ingesting the harmful foreign…
Q: Do we have to get vaccinated every year against infl uenza? What eff ect will previous years’…
A: Influenza viruses are the members of the family Orthomyxoviridae. This family represents the…
Q: What conclusion can be drawn from the fact that manyadolescents who had completed the immunization…
A: Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms that have an undefined nucleus and nuclear membrane. Most of the…
Q: Antiphagocytic factors produced by microorganisms include all of the following EXCEPT a.…
A: Bacteria are microscopic organisms which belong to prokaryote because these are unicellular…
What are the listthe host immune defenses that the microbe would have to overcome to be successful at causing disease?
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- How different are theactions of antibodies againstbacteria and against virus?Why is the cellular immuneresponse activated in case ofchronic viral infection?What term describes microbial molecules of pathogens such as peptidoglycan and LPS that can trigger the innate immune system to respond? O 1) PAMP O 2) epitope O 3) antigen O 4) haptenWhy are vaccines made ofthe own disease agent or offragments of it?
- Describe the ways in which each of the following pathogens can disarm their host’s immune system or manipulate it to their own advantage:a. Pathogenic strains of Staphylococcusb. Enveloped virusesAll of the following are mechanisms used by pathogens to penetrate host defenses EXCEPT: 1. Capsules 2. Enzymes 3. Antigenic variation 4. None of the other four answers (all are examples of how pathogens penetrate host defenses) 5. Penetration of cytoskeletonWhy are vaccines used inthe prevention but not in thetreatment of infections? Whycan antivenom serums beused in prevention andtreatment?
- Describe an immunodeficiency that a person could have that would cause the immune system to select the incorrect immune response to Mycobacterium leprae.What gene would be mutated and how would this alter the immune response to this pathogen?Smallpox has been widely reported as a possible bioterror weapon. Given what you know about the etiology of the disease and the current state of the world’s immunity to smallpox, discuss how effective (or ineffective) a smallpox weapon might be. What kind of defense could be mounted against such an attack?How effective is the immune system at combating micro vs. macroparasites? What are some of the costs and limitations that may favor a less robust immune response?