Why does a muscle cell express a different set of genies compared to a white blood cell? Why do cells show changes Gene Expression in response to changing environmental Conditions?
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- Many organisms have a class of genes called ' heat shock proteins.' These genes are expressed at high levels when cells are exposed to high temperatures. once they are transcribed and translated, they help stabilize other proteins in the cell to protect them form the high temperature. What kind of response to the enviornment is the elevated expression of heat-shock proteins? - mutational response - direct response - gene-mediated responseProteins found in the blood respond to blood vessel damage by clumping together forming a clot that physically blocks the hole in the vessel and prevents further blood loss. If clotting proteins were active all the time, they would create clots throughout your circulatory system. Which of the following would be the most efficient way for the body to regulate the expression of the proteins involved in clotting? A. Tightly package the genes for clotting proteins so that RNA polymerase cannot access them unless they are needed. B. Produce and store the clotting protein in an inactive form. When the protein is needed, use another protein to activate the clotting protein. C. Constantly make the clotting proteins, but then break them down instantly after translation if they are not needed. D. Use a repressor protein to keep clotting genes turned off until they are needed.Figure 37.5 Heat shock proteins (HSP) are so named because they help refold misfolded proteins. In response to increased temperature (a “heat shock"), heat shock proteins are activated by release from the NR/HSP complex. At the same time, transcription of HSP genes is activated. Why do you think the cell responds to a heat shock by increasing the activity of proteins that help refold misfolded proteins?
- The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activates a complex signaling network to increase expression of several genes and promote cell proliferation as shown in the figure below. EGF Active EGFR Inactive EGFR P- Inactive EGFR Inactive Ras-GDR Ras-GTP Active Raf -P МЕК- Р NUCLEUS МАРК-Р Active МАРК-Р C-myc gene transcribed CYTOPLASM Cell proliferation Which of the following scenarios would result in increased expression of the c-myc gene? Select all that apply. A homozygous mutation of the EGFR gene resulting in a deletion of the ligand binding domain A homozygous mutation of the ras gene so that Ras protein was not able to exchange GDP for GTP A homozygous mutation of the MAPK gene so that MAPK protein was always in a phosphorylated state A homozygous mutation of the ras gene so that Ras protein was not able to hydrolyze GTP for GDPThe epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activates a complex signaling network to increase expression of several genes and promote cell proliferation as shown in the figure below. EGF Active EGFR Inactive EGFR Inactive EGFR P- EP Inactive Ras-GDP Ras-GTP Active Raf -P NUCLEUS МЕК-F МАРК-Р Active МАРК-P C-myc gene transcribed CYTOPLASM Cell proliferation Which of the following scenarios would result in decreased expression of the c-myc gene? Select all that apply A homozygous mutation of the EGFR gene resulting in a deletion of the ligand binding domain A homozygous mutation of the ras gene so that Ras protein was not able to exchange GDP for GTP A homozygous mutation of the ras gene so that Ras protein was not able to hydrolyze GTP for GDP A homozygous mutation of the MAPK gene so that MAPK protein was always in a phosphorylated stateTumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an important cytokine used by immune cells to initiate and coordinate inflammatory responses. Inflammation is a key response to cell damage or infection, but can, in some diseases, spiral out of control and become more of a problem than the original cause (COVID-19 lung damage is a relevant example...). TNF-α receptors exist on many cell types. Let’s study the interaction between TNF-α (T) and its receptor (R), to form an activated complex C: T + R ↔ C A macrophage is measured to have ~105 TNF-α receptors on its surface. If the macrophage is immersed in a high concentration of TNF-α molecules (i.e. L0 ≅ L), how will the number of activated receptors change over time? Plot this trend for the case L0 =10 nM, kf=106 M-1 min-1, kr=0.1 min-1. There is constant ligand concentration and an initial condition of C0 = 0. We are given the constants needed to model the number of activated receptors over time and can use the following equation:
- Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of various conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density lipoproteins. Scientists studying metabolic syndrome cultured fibroblast cells from a metabolic syndrome patient and a healthy volunteer and challenged the cells to 100 nM insulin. Ten minutes after the stimulus was applied, they used a protein immunoblot to measure the amount of phosphorylated insulin receptor in the cultures. Use the passage to answer the question. Some patients with metabolic syndrome can continue to gain weight even if they consume fewer calories than other human adults. Based on this finding, which conclusion is MOST likely true? A. Patients with metabolic syndrome do not eliminate as many calories during excretion. B. Patients with metabolic syndrome do not expend as much energy during muscle contractions. C. Patients with metabolic syndrome have more efficient…Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of various conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density lipoproteins. Scientists studying metabolic syndrome cultured fibroblast cells from a metabolic syndrome patient and a healthy volunteer and challenged the cells to 100 nM insulin. Ten minutes after the stimulus was applied, they used a protein immunoblot to measure the amount of phosphorylated insulin receptor in the cultures. Use the passage to answer the question. Insulin, in addition to regulating blood glucose, also promotes satiety. Ghrelin, on the other hand, is a peptide hormone that promotes hunger. Which statement BEST predicts the effect of ghrelin release on the insulin receptor? A. It increases insulin receptor expression. B. It decreases insulin receptor expression. C. It increases insulin receptor phosphorylation. D. It decreases insulin receptor phosphorylation.Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of various conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density lipoproteins. Scientists studying metabolic syndrome cultured fibroblast cells from a metabolic syndrome patient and a healthy volunteer and challenged the cells to 100 nM insulin. Ten minutes after the stimulus was applied, they used a protein immunoblot to measure the amount of phosphorylated insulin receptor in the cultures. Use the passage to answer the question. A scientist hypothesizes that dysregulated insulin signaling is responsible for the development of excess body fat in metabolic syndrome patients. Based on the data, which of these, if true, would BEST support this hypothesis? A. Phosphorylated insulin receptor decreases the use of free energy in fibroblasts. B. Phosphorylated insulin receptor increases the use of free energy in fibroblasts. C. Phosphorylated insulin receptor…
- Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of various conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density lipoproteins. Scientists studying metabolic syndrome cultured fibroblast cells from a metabolic syndrome patient and a healthy volunteer and challenged the cells to 100 nM insulin. Ten minutes after the stimulus was applied, they used a protein immunoblot to measure the amount of phosphorylated insulin receptor in the cultures. Use the passage to answer the question. The level of insulin in the blood is regulated by negative feedback. Which observation MOST supports this model? A. Insulin secretion increases metabolic syndrome symptoms. B. Insulin secretion decreases metabolic syndrome symptoms. C. Insulin receptor phosphorylation increases insulin secretion. D. Insulin receptor phosphorylation decreases insulin secretion.Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) can act as a scaffold to form protein/RNA complexes that regulate gene expression? True False Wnt is a regulatory factor that regulate myogenic stem cell proliferation? True FalseOne important role of Fas and Fas ligand is to medi-ate the elimination of tumor cells by killer lymphocytes.In a study of 35 primary lung and colon tumors, half thetumors were found to have amplified and overexpressed agene for a secreted protein that binds to Fas ligand. How doyou suppose that overexpression of this protein might con-tribute to the survival of these tumor cells? Explain yourreasoning.