Why can acetylcholine (or other signaling molecules) have so many different effects?

Q: How do Signal transduction pathways differ between lipid-solubleand water-soluble messengers?

A: Introduction  Hormones regulates various physiological activities of the body such as growth,…

Q: Explain how a kinase cascade works. Why is this advantageous in the context of hormone signaling?

A: When a signalling molecule (ligand) binds to the receptors on another another cell, a cascade of…

Q: A cell within organ A expresses a protein that is secreted from the cell and travels through the…

A: Cell signalling or cell communication is an ability of a cell to receive, transmit and response…

Q: What kind of genes are downstream of ER signalling and what is their function?

A: A gene is an essential unit of heredity and an arrangement of nucleotides in DNA that encodes the…

Q: How Are Signaling Pathways Organized and Integrated?

A: Signalling pathways are the pathway which provides interaction between two cells. They release…

Q: Which Membrane receptors are important in hormonal signalling ?

A: The transmembrane proteins are considered membrane receptors. The main function of membrane…

Q: What are the three steps by which receptor tyrosine kinases typically convey an extracellular signal…

A: Answer :  The three steps involved are :- Step1) Ligand Reduction : The receptors present in the…

Q: How are autocrine and paracrine signaling different?

A: According to the cell theory laid out by Matthias Jakob Schleiden, Theodor Schwann and Rudolf…

Q: The same second messengers are used in many different cells, but the response to second messengers…

A: cAMP, IP3, and DAG are some common secondary messengers. Usually they are the common links in the…

Q: Which layer is involved in the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of various intracellular…

A: Cell signaling (also known as signal transduction or cellular communication) is a complex system of…

Q: What are the different ways that cells communicate with one another? Is it talking about endocrine…

A: Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of life. Different cells communicate with each…

Q: After a hormone binds to two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), what is the very next step?

A: Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are the receptors with only a single transmembrane helix and an…

Q: The binding of small amounts of hormones to target cell receptors triggers an intricate signal…

A: Signal transduction is the process through which cells communicate with the external environment,…

Q: What key role does signal transduction play in the signaling process?

A: Signal transduction is a biochemical process through which molecular signals got transmitted from…

Q: What is the role of lipidated proteins in G-protein-coupled receptors during signal transduction?

A: G-protein coupled receptor refers to the cell surface receptor that recognizes molecules (ligand)…

Q: Nitric oxide produced by the endothelial layer of blood vessels stimulates the smooth muscle layer…

A: The ability of internal communication was established from protista group. In course of evolution,…

Q: Compound C is a pharmaceutical agent that blocks AMPK activity

A: AMPK is s kind of energy sensor which helps in cell growth and regulates  metabolism. This enzyme…

Q: Which of the following contain statements that are both correct?     Aspartame triggers the…

A: Aspartame is an artificial sweetener. It first binds and activate a GPCR. The G-alpha bound to GTP ,…

Q: Someone goes for a jog first thing in the morning and encounters a squadron of javelinas, causing a…

A: GPCRs are also called 7TM (7 transmembrane receptors), they are a very diverse group of…

Q: BPA is a chemical found in plastics that can alter hormonal signaling specifically through…

A: Introduction: BPA (bisphenol A) is a chemical compound, formed by the condensation of phenol and…

Q: What are the two major mechanisms through which cell signaling leads to a change in cell behavior?

A: Cells respond to the changes in their immediate environment. To cope up with such changes the cell…

Q: Select any of the regulator mechanisms that would amplify cAMP signaling. A) Cell produces more…

A: Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a small molecule derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that acts as a…

Q: What are the receptor(s) involved in caffeine binding? What kind of interaction is established…

A: Caffeine is a stimulant that increases our alertness and energy temporarily. The adenosine present…

Q: How is GA signaling mediated

A: ANSWER;- Gibberellin (GA) insight is mediated by GID1 (GA-INSENSITIVE DWARF1), a receptor that shows…

Q: What is the sequence of events that takes place in cell signaling?

A: Cell signaling can be described as the cellular mechanism through which a cell is allowed to detect…

Q: How can a signal have different effects in different tissues?

A: Cells are defined as the basic and the smallest units of all living things and are made up of…

Q: Define intracellular signaling.

A: Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. An organism is termed as…

Q: Why do some types of signal molecules (first messengers) need to use second messengers to cause a…

A: Introduction :- The cell releases intracellular signalling molecules known as second messengers in…

Q: Compare and contrast GPCR and RTK signaling. What role does GTP play in each? What role does…

A: Receptors are composed of proteins. These involve in cell signaling process. Two types of receptors…

Q: What is the difference between a protein kinase and a secondmessenger? Can both operate in the same…

A: Signal transduction, also called cell signaling, is the process by which molecular signals are…

Q: What are the three main parts of a signaling pathway? Give a detailed specific example, such as how…

A: Cell signaling is part of the cellular communication process that regulates the basic activities of…

Q: If DAG and IP3 are second messengers, what function does Ca2+ serve? Would Ca2+ also be called a…

A: Minerals although are found only in small quantities, are absolutely essential for the proper…

Q: What is the difference in structure between G-protein linked receptors and enzyme-linked receptors?

A: The structure of G-protein linked receptors is different from the enzyme linked receptors.

Q: Recently, a Gα q-coupled receptor was discovered that mediates at least some of the many activities…

A:

Q: Why is the lifetime of second messengers so crucial to signaling efficiency? Example: Genetically…

A: Secondary messengers act as mediators of information between cell-surface receptors and effector…

Q: Identify which of the following statements is a lie? Select one: a.Diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol…

A: There are different signaling molecules involved in cell-to-cell communication, examples include…

Q: What are the two general possible signaling pathways follow after a G-protein coupled receptor binds…

A: G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most numerous and varied class of membrane receptors…

Q: Give an example of contact-dependent signaling. What are some proteins involved?

A: Cell to cell interaction is very much important during the developmental process and it involves…

Q: What do steroid hormone signaling and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling have in common?…

A: A vital cellular communication mechanism involved in many physiological processes, such as cell…

Q: Compare and contrast the receptors and signalling cascade, and the physiological roles for two…

A: There are few important points that should kept in mind : As we know that all cells receive and…

Q: In terms of their relative duration of signaling, which of the following is the odd one out? O…

A: In Paracrine signalling,the cells release the signals to bind on target cells located at short…

Q: How do signaling proteins form specific complexes? Provide examples.

A: Signaling protein: In almost all cells, there is a protein on the membrane known as a…

Q: Why do we need to identify and determine the function of every single molecule involved in cell…

A: Cell signaling is an important aspect of biological life. It allows  cells to detect and respond to…

Q: What is the specific role of the protein kinase enzymes in the signal transduction pathway initiated…

A: Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a…

Q: Why is the signaling pathway that activates NF-κB considered to be relatively irreversible compared…

A: The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, which contains three serine-threonine kinases,…

Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.