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Why can acetylcholine (or other signaling molecules) have so many different effects?
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- This is a signaling pathway that involves a second messenger: epinephrine → G protein-coupled receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP. Which one is known as the second messenger?What do steroid hormone signaling and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling have in common? Their pathways involve G-proteins that are activated by GDP-GTP exchange. They both result in gene transcription. They both use the second messenger cAMP. The receptors are both enzymes.How does a receptor “know” which signaling molecules to bind?
- What key role does signal transduction play in the signaling process?The secondary messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is involved in many different signaling pathways, including the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) pathway. Which of the following describes an advantage of using cAMP as a secondary messenger in cell signaling? It conserves energy because cAMP can be converted to ATP. It increases signaling specificity because protein kinase A, the direct effector of cAMP, has few substrates. It prolongs the signal because cAMP is chemically stable and persists for a long time after ligand dissociation. It amplifies the signal because one molecule of activated adenylyl cyclase can produce many molecules of cAMP.What is PNS in the nervous system and how does it contribute to coordination in neural signaling?
- What is long distance and local signaling?Which of the following is the most accurate process? Activation of G protein → change in activity of effector enzyme activation of protein kinase → change in second messenger levels. Change in second messenger levels → change in activity of effector enzyme → activation of protein kinase activation of G protein. Activation of G protein → change in activity of effector enzyme → change in second messenger levels → activation of protein kinase. Activation of G protein → change in second messenger levels activity of effector enzyme → activation of protein kinase. change inThe figure below shows a signaling pathway activated by the binding of adrenaline to the beta-adrenergic receptor. Binding of adrenaline to the receptor causes GTP-binding and activation of G proteins. Active GTP-bound G protein activates adenylate cyclase to initiate a signaling cascade that affects cellular responses. activated adrenaline activated B-adrenergic receptor adenylate cyclase adenylate cyclase G protein subunit 2 OLLE GTP 3. GDP conformational CAMP ATP change in receptor heterotrimeric G protein ACAMP inactive protein kinase A active protein kinase A cellular responses In which of the conditions would you see a constitutive activation of adenylate cyclase independent of adrenaline hormone? Cells have a adrenergic receptor that constitutively activates the G proteins in the absence of ligand Cells are treated with cholera toxin that locks the activated G proteins in their GTP bound form Cells are treated with pertussis toxin that locks the G proteins in their GDP bound…
- What is a second messenger in cell signaling, and what kinds of molecules can act as second messengers?The figure below shows a signaling pathway activated by the bindiıng of adrehalMNe LU the beta-adrenergic receptor. Binding of adrenaline to the receptor causes GTP-binding and activation of G proteins. Active GTP-bound G protein activates adenylate cyclase to initiate a signaling cascade that affects cellular responses, and includes cellular changes to mediate increased heart rate and accounts for the flight-or-fight response. activated adenylate cyclase adrenaline activated B-adrenergic receptor adenylate cyclase G protein subunit 22 GTP SDP conformational ATP CAMP change in receptor heterotrimeric G protein ACAMP inactive protein kinase A active protein kinase A 4 cellular responses Consider the homozygous mutation in which a cell produces a variant of adenylate cyclase that can no longer be activated Which of the following are true in this cell? Select all that apply. Heart rate increases Protein Kinase A is not activated CAMP levels are lower than normal Heart rate decreasesThe figure below shows a signaling pathway activated by the binding of adrenaline to the beta-adrenergic receptor. Binding of adrenaline to the receptor causes GTP-binding and activation of G proteins. Active GTP-boundG protein activates adenylate cyclase to initiate a signaling cascade that affects cellular responses, and includes cellular changes to mediate increased heart rate and accounts for the flight-or-fight response. activated adrenaline activated B-adrenergic receptor adenylate cyclase adenylate cyclase G protein subunit GTP 3. GDP conformational ATP CAMP change in receptor heterotrimeric G protein ACAMP inactive protein kinase A active protein kinase A cellular responses Consider the homozygous mutation in which a cell produces a variant of the adrenergic receptor that is constitutively active in the absence of ligand. Which of the following are true in this cell? Select all that apply. Protein Kinase A is always activated CAMP concentration is higher than normal Heart rate…