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Which of the following metabolic pathways does NOT takes place in muscle cells? Tricarboxylic acid cycle Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis Conversion of ketone bodies to acetyl CoA Pentose phosphate pathway

Why would LDH be up- or down-regulated depending on location of cancer cells?   Anaerobic cancer cells enhance rates of ATP production and rely on pyruvate to lactate conversion. LDH5 expressed can vary in favoring pyruvate for conversion to lactate (anaerobic metabolism). Aerobic compartments in newly formed fibrobasts and vessels use lactate to convert to pyruvate for oxidative phosphorylation and favor lactate conversion to pyruvate by LDH1 (aerobic metabolism). Lactate dehydrogenase is upregulated in both cancer cells and supporting stroma and vessels, thus only LDH5 is upregulated showing enhanced expression levels and thus presence at the plasma membrane to increase levels of lactate for export, LDH1 levels are always consistent. LDH1 is upregulated in response to the export of lactate by MCT1, while LDH5 is down-regulated Neither LDH1 or LDH5 are both consistently expressed, regardless of oxygen levels

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Taking into consideration glycolysis, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the citric acid cycle, how many NAD+ molecules are reduced from a single molecule of dihydroxyacetone phosphate?  4 NAD+ are reduced 5 NAD+ are reduced 8 NAD+ are reduced 10 NAD+ are reduced None of the above answers are correct

Which of the following is TRUE? O Both AMP and ADP are negative regulators of glycogenolysis. ATP shifts the curve of glycogen phosphorylase to the left. O Citrate binds covalently to acetyl CoA carboxylase. Phosphofructokinase-1 is an allosterically regulated enzyme in glycolysis. The carnitine shuttle is positively regulated by Malonyl CoA.

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All the enzymes listed below catalyze a reaction in the skeletal muscle. For an Olympic sprinter, which ones would be considered relevant during the running of a 100m sprint (select all that apply)? O glycogen phosphorylase O pyruvate kinase glycogen synthase O lactate dehydrogenase O adenylate kinase O pyruvate dehydrogenase O creatine kinase

Which of the following conditions is most likely to lead to the activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase? High concentrations of acetyl-CoA High concentrations of NADH High concentrations of NAD+ High concentrations of CO2

Which of the following Krebs cycle enzymes generates a molecule of FADH2 from FAD? a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase pyruvate dehydrogenase isocitrate dehydrogenase malate dehydrogenase succinate dehydrogenase