Which of the following would be an appropriate hypothesis for an experiment? a.Sea urchins fertilization rate drops as carbon dioxide concentrations rise. b.Sea urchins living in kelp forests have higher fertilization rates than those living on rocks in intertidal areas. c.Sea urchin species spawning near other echinoderm species have lower fertilization rates. d.The concentration of phthalates in sea water reduces sea urchin fertilization rates. e.Sea urchins living in depths up to 10 meters have higher fertilization rates.

A new species is discovered in which males care for offspring after birth, and females leave the nest immediately. In this species, males are likely to   a. be promiscuous.   b. have lower parental investment.   c. have fewer offspring overall than females.   d. have more offspring overall than females.

Modern sponges produce microscopic spicules (right) to deter predation but, as the earliest animals, they existed before any predators evolved; how might biologists interpret this observation?   A. Spicules were probably absent in the earliest sponges and evolved later as predation began. B. Spicules performed other tasks in early sponges, possibly structural support, and were later modified for defense. C. Spicules were present in some sponge species and absent in others; predation became a selection pressure that eliminated some species entirely. D. All of the above are valid hypotheses.

Which of the following animals has indirect development (larvae)? A.    Salamander B.    Bony fish C.     Butterfly D.     B and C only E.     A, B, and C

Scientists found that different beak shapes correlate with different mating songs in Darwin's finches. Which hypothesis does this support?   A. Darwin's finches are not different species according to the Biological Species Concept.   B. Adaptation to different food sources led to behavioral isolation in Darwin's finches.   C. Adaptation to different food sources likely occurred after reproductive isolation in Darwin's finches.   D. Mating songs are primarily determined by the acoustics of different beaks.

Which pair of organisms in the table have a vertebral column, but not four limbs?   A. lancelet and lamprey B. frog and turtle C. turtle and leopard D. lamprey and bass E. bass and frog

If a new species of frog were discovered, which of the following characteristics would be BEST for determining its systematic relationship with other amphibians. a. The DNA sequence of its mitochondrial genes b. The diploid number of its chromosomesc. The number of eggs produced by the females d. The adult body size of the males e. The type of habitat in which it lives.

Despite not sharing a recent common reptilian ancestor, both mammals and birds are homeotherms.  Which of the following statements best explains how this trait came about?   A. The development of homeothermic capabilities is the result of convergent evolution due to similar selection pressures   B. Similar development of homeothermic capabilities is the result of adaptive radiation from a reptilian ancestor   C. Birds and mammals diverged from dinosaurs, which were homeothermic   D. Mammals and birds both inherited homeothermic capabilities from an ancient reptilian ancestor and then diverged   E. Similar homeothermic capabilities in birds and mammals can be explained through homologous structures