Which of the following statements best describes the outcome of a mutation?   a. A mutation always results in a mutant genotype   b. A mutation always results in a mutant karyotype   c. A mutation always results in a mutant phenotype   d. A mutation always results in a mutant protein

Which of the following statements about cancer cells is correct? 1. Passenger mutations can lead to cancer. 2. Cancer cells are derived from a clone. 3. Ône driver mutation can lead to cancer. 4. Intratumoral heterogeneity provides a good rationale for advancing precision medicine. A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 4 only E. All of 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct. OOOOO

In the cancer gene detection lab, a restriction enzyme is added to the p53 genes taken from different locations in the person's body; this restriction enzyme cuts at the location of the mutation (if there is one present). When the enzyme is added to the p53 genes from the tumor, this will result in ____ fragments, and _____ bands on an electrophoresis gel when the DNA fragments separate out.

Determine which statements could be used as evidence to support the argument that "DNA influences the proteins that are made" and which statements are just facts. [Select all that apply.] The HBB gene that makes beta-globin has several abnormal alleles, including HbS, HbC, and HbE. Sickle cell disease has been successfully treated using bone marrow transplantation in children and adults. The symptoms of sickle cell anemia may not appear in individuals who only carry one HbS allele, but are always apparent when both alleles are HbS. If oxygen is removed from red blood cells made by two HbS alleles, the cell will form a sickle shape.

Place these events in the order they occur during mutagenesis: 1 1. The cell makes a repair error t 2. Damage to DNA by a mutagen 3. DNA repair pathways are used 1 4. A permanent change to the DNA sequence is made 1 5. Genetic variation is created in the population 1 6. A new allele is born!

Which type of DNA mutation can be passed on to the next generation? a. Gamete mutation b. Somatic cell mutation C. Body mutation d. Mutagenic agent O

What did the Hershey / Chase experiments (above) demonstrate about the molecules responsible for genetic inheritance patterns in the T2 bacteriophage? A. the genetic material consists of carbohydrates, not RNA B. the genetic material consists of protein, not lipids C. the genetic material consists of DNA, not polypeptides D. the genetic material consists of protein, not DNA E. the genetic material consists of lipids, not polypeptides

Explain in your own words what the statement "mutations occur randomly" means

Researchers studying the Dutch famine of the winter of 1944-45 found that effects of malnutrition during pregnancy were still seen two generations later, for example in rates of obesity. How could this environmental effect be inherited over generations? Choose the most likely answer A. The results were an artefact, because environmental conditions were not taken into account. B. Histone modifications such as acetylation are passed on through generations. C. All methylation patterns are scrubbed during development of an embryo. D. DNA methylation patterns can be passed on in a parent-of-origin specific manner.

In your own words, describe which type of mutation causes a greater change in the phenotype of an organism: insertions and deletions or point mutations.