Which of the following is NOT true of bacterial exotoxins? None of the other four answers (All are true of bacterial exotoxins) Exotoxins are only released as the bacteria that produced them start to die Some exotoxins are superantigens Toxic effect may be against organs distant from the site of infection Some exotoxins have two components, A (active) and B (binding)

Q: All are true of endotoxins except

A: The outer membrane of a gram-negative bacteria made of lipopolysaccharide which acts as…

Q: exotoxin and endotoxin with examples, please des

A: Numerous compounds or poisons that are secreted by microorganisms have diverse effects on other…

Q: Which of the following is NOT a health benefit of the microbiota? compete for food sources O…

A: Microbiota is the actual microorganisms that live on and within us.The microorganisms living in a…

Q: Phagocytes are most effective against intracellular viruses. Phagocytes are equally effective…

A: Phagocytosis is a process of killing pathogens by using WBC'S. Some organs have there specific…

Q: Which type of pathogen is the easiest to destroy?

A: Answer: PATHOGEN : These are the foreign particles which enters the host body and are able to cause…

Q: Interferons are primarily produced in response to infection with which pathogen type? Group of…

A: Introduction :-   Interferons are synthetic analogues of proteins produced by your body. These…

Q: An infection that starts in one location but is allowed to spread through the body is called a…

A: Infection begins when the pathogens like bacteria or virus enter our body and may causes deleterious…

Q: Which of the following is not an example of the physical, mechanical, and chemical barriers at body…

A: Innate immunity is present since birth. Innate immunity is non-specific. Innate immunity lacks…

Q: Some of the following are membrane disrupting toxins. Mark all that apply. O Cytokines ✔ Hemolysins…

A: In biology, a membrane is a thin layer which serves as a live cell's or inner cell compartment's…

Q: How would you argue against this statement: "To help prevent any type of bacterial infection all…

A: I do not agree with this statement.  From an immunology perspective, wiping all the bacteria from…

Q: Which of the following involves pseudopods?

A: Answer: PSEUDOPODS = These are also called pseudopodium , which are motile , temporary arm like…

Q: One of the following is not considered as a determinant of bacterial pathogenesis? a. Transmission

A: Pathogenicity refers to a pathogen's ability to cause disease. Microbes express pathogenicity…

Q: Which of the following statements correctly compares/contrasts the ways in which antibiotics and…

A: The ways in which antibiotics and antibodies interact with the cells of pathogens that they can…

Q: A strain of Shigella has a mutation causing it to lose the ability to produce fimbriae and become…

A: Shigella is a type of bacteria that causes shigellosis, a common bacterial infection that affects…

Q: When a child skins their knee and neosporin is applied, this reduces the chances of pathogens…

A: Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and fungi. They can be…

Q: Why should we care about them – are infections on the rise due to something that has changed, is the…

A: Herpes Simplex virus leads to genital and oral herpes. Patients can have sores filled with fluid in…

Q: What would happen if a pathogen lost the ability to produce adhesins?

A: Pathogen also known as disease-causing biological agents are the organisms that can cause disease or…

Q: The inhibition of bacterial growth and reproduction without necessarily destroying the organisms is…

A: The growth and reproduction of bacteria depends on saveral factors. For the inhibition of the growth…

Q: Which different type of receptor is activated by different pieces of the microbiome to modulate gut…

A: Microbiota and the immune system shares a symbiotic relationship. The gut is a home to a huge…

Q: A major difference between exotoxins and endotoxins is that endotoxins are _____. View Available…

A: Toxins are the poisonous responses that are produced by the bacteria so that they can access the…

Q: A white blood cell has pathogen recognition proteins embedded in its plasma membrane. Initially, the…

A: White blood cells These cells are part of the immune system that are involved in fighting infection…

Q: Match the molecules below with their functions: Membrane attack complex (MAC) Interferons…

A: Membrane attack complex (MAC) - MAC is a type of structure which is formed on the surface of the…

Q: What are the most likely type and mechanism of the urticarial hypersensitivity reaction? What are…

A: Immunologic contact urticaria occurs secondary to interaction with an allergen due to IgE antibody…

Q: The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a special class of nonspecific cell-derived mediators with…

A: innate system of immunity is the first defense of the body . anti microbial peptides are part of the…

Q: A highly conserved endotoxin of gram negative bacteria is? Lipid A adhesin protease…

A: Gram negative bacteria has highly conserved endotoxin on its outer layers.

Q: Which of the following choices is the most common cause of UTIs?   Viruses   Bacteria   Yeast…

A: Introduction: When the urinary tract that extends from the renal cortex of the kidney to the…

Q: The CDC estimates that there are 1,000,000 cases of Salmonella infections , with 380 deaths each…

A: Salmonella is a bacteria that can cause food-borne infection called Salmonellosis. Symptoms include…

Q: Bacterial capsules work by _____. View Available Hint(s) for Part E       protecting the bacterium…

A: So correct option will be protecting the bacterium from engulfment Capsules made of substances…

Q: ed by killing bacteria around a central point. it involves chemicals. it reaches a billion…

A: The colony can be defined as the visible mass of microorganisms  and all  of them originating from…

Q: Yeast infection following antibiotic therapy is an example of _______ infection     . acute…

A: Following I will be discussing about opportunistic infections.  Opportunistic infections  are…

Q: As the immune system increases fluids in a tissue resultng in swelling and increased mucus…

A: The immune system protects our bodies from intruders including viruses, bacteria, and foreign…

Q: A common mechanism by which sensor cells in the host detect micro-organisms relies on the production…

A: The immune system of the body is involved in protecting the body against various pathogens. White…

Q: in order for a bacterial pathogen to colonise a host epithelial cell surface, which set of potential…

A: Introduction   Microorganisms develop or secrete some factors that can evoke pathogenicity in the…

Q: A pathogen that has an extremely low LD50 would be  Group of answer choices very contagious. very…

A: LD50 can be defined as the number of microbes required to kill 50% of the infected hosts.

Q: A doctor prescribes a new antimicrobial drug to treat a patient's bacterial meningitis A student…

A: Penicillin prevents the bacteria to form new cell walls and this is how penicillin works against…

Q: Which of the following is not a barrier to pathogen entry?a. oil gland secretions of the skinb.…

A: Pathogens are foreign substances that enter our bodies. They are responsible for causing diseases.…

Q: Which statement among A-D is false regarding bacterial toxins? A) O Hemolysins are cell membrane…

A: Toxins refer to poisonous substances that include a class of small molecules and proteins, which are…

Q: True or False Exposure of bacterial cells to antibiotics: 50s is disrupted 60s is disrupted 80s is…

A: Organisms that have only one cell, are microscopic, and can exist anywhere(inside or outside the…

Q: Explain how each of the following avoids being killed by phagocytes: 1. Salmonella typhimurium 2.…

A: Phagocytes are a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infection. They engulf and…

Q: You are a physician working in a hospital. Your patient is a 65-year-old individual who has been…

A: A group of bacteria called Mycobacterium has a number of species, some of which are known to be…

Q: How is it possible for strict anaerobic bacteria to cause a disease in humans? Strict anaerobe…

A: An anaerobic organism is a organism who does not require molecular oxygen for the  growth.

Q: When a bacterium is pathogenic, how does it affect its host (the plant or animal that the bacterium…

A: A pathogen is a tiny living organism, such as a bacterium or virus. It may be referred to as an…

Q: Why do pathogenic bacteria make enzymes?  Name one enzyme that affects blood clotting (or clots) and…

A: Bacteria that can induce disease are known as pathogenic bacteria. Many bacteria are harmless and…

Q: How do the unique structural characteristics of mycoplasmas relate to their bacterial morphology?

A: Mycoplasmas are fast-growing bacteria that do not have a cell wall. They belong to the class…

Q: Which of the following is INCORRECT about PMN cells? Select one: Multilobed nuclei Long lived…

A: Immunity system is a versatile defence system which protects the body from the infection causing…

Q: When antibody marks an invader so the macrophages can find it more easily to efficiently destroy the…

A: The ability of the body to fight against pathogens is called immunity.. T lymphocytes provide…

Q: All of the following are methods intracellular pathogens can use to survive inside a host cell…

A: Pathogens are the organisms which upon entering in to the  host causes infectious diseases.…

Q: Which of the following phenomena result in the observed reaction many people have to penicillin?…

A: Penicillin is a type of antibiotic that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. However,…