Which of the following is NOT a trait of lipid-soluble hormones? A. They often need help of carrier proteins to circulate in the blood stream. B. They frequently activate signal transduction pathways that use second messengers. C. They easily diffuse through the phospholipid bilayers of target cells. D. They are typically modified lipids E. They normally leave secretory cells without using exocytosis

s in th and the development of a tumor. Which of the following is a characteristic of steroid hormones? A. Activation of adenylate cyclase B. Activation of protein kinases C. Plasma membrane receptors D. Stimulation of cellular protein synthesis E. Termination of effects by phosphodiesterase V adenylate cyclase 본 Edit D t 20% 2 C

A loss of function mutation in a gene encoding a SNARE protein would result in which of the following effects? оа. The anterior pituitary would be unable to release its hormones o b. Skeletal muscle cells, but not cardiac or smooth muscle, would lose their ability to contract O c. Neural cells would be unable to generate action potentials d. Neural cells would be unable to transmit action potentials via electrical synapses Neural cells would be unable to transmit action potentials via chemical synapses O e.

Hormones are chemical signaling molecules produced by specialized cells and transmitted via the circulatory system to all other cells in the body. Which of the following describes a condition that needs to be met for a target cell to re- ceive the signaling molecules? A B с D The size and shape of the target cell needs to be similar to that of the cell that secreted the hormone. The location of the target cell needs to be within the local region of the cell that secreted the hormone. The target cell needs to have sufficient ATP to transport the hormone into the cell. The cytosol of the target cell has to have receptors that recognize and bind the hormone.

Thyroid hormone is produced within spherical shape structures in the thyroid gland known as 3. 1_ _ _This structure consists of an outer layer of 3.2 epithelial cells and an inner section known-as 3.3___ . This inner section is filled with 3.4 ____ that is synthesised and secreted by-the cells and contains many tyrosine residues. Within this inner section, organification occurs when 3. 5 ____ molecules attach to these tyrosine residues forming either 3. 6____  (with one molecule attacl1ed) or 3. 7____(with two molecules attached). Through coupling, T3 and T4 are also formed. Of these two hormones;- 3. 8 ____is less potent but forms approximately 93% of the metabolically active hormones secreted the thyroid gland.

Which of the following is a property common between endocrine hormones, paracrine hormones, and pheromones? A. They all operate internally within an organism to stimulate different cellular responses. B. They are all secreted by dedicated glands within the endocrine system. C. They are all water-soluble hormones D. Both A and B E. None of the above

Which is NOT true of steroid hormones? O They can not diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a membrane. They include hormones like testosterone and estrogen. O They bind to receptor proteins inside target cells. When they bind with receptors, specific genes are activated resulting in cell char ↑ The mineralocorticoid called aldosterone is produced by the adrenal cortex and it stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions in the nephrons renal cortex and it increases blood pressure adrenal medulla and it increases blood glucose levels renal medulla and it stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions in the nephrons C 31 6 O

A Moving to the next question prevents changes to this answer. Question 1 What is unusual about the receptor for steroid hormones? A. The receptor is located in the cytoplasm but can enter the nucleus once bound to ligand. B. The receptor is embedded in the plasma membrane C. The receptor is located in the cytoplasm but can never enter the nucleus. D. The receptor is located in the lysosome. A Moving to the next question prevents changes to this answer.

Why does epinephrine bind its receptor in a different location than cortisol binds its receptor?     A. The receptor binding site of epinephrine must be extracellular because the cell’s membrane is a barrier that prevents epinephrine from reaching any intracellular binding sites.   B. The membrane blocks cortisol from entering the cell, therefore cortisol must bind the receptor on the cell’s extracellular surface.   C. Cortisol easily passes through the cell’s plasma membrane. Therefore, the cortisol receptor is found intracellularly.   D. Epinephrine can dissolve across the plasma membrane and bind its intracellular receptor.   E. Both A&C   F. Both B&D

Hormone X appears to regulate the blood concentration of chemical Y via a negative feedback loop. a. Predict what happens to the secretion of hormone X when the blood concentration of chemical Y decreases. b. What effect will this likely have on the blood concentration of chemical Y?c. Predict what happens to the secretion of hormone X when the blood concentration of chemical Y increases.