Discuss the complete cell cycle in a human cell, mitosis and meiosis, and the regulatory components (i.e. the proteins associated with cellular checkpoints) of the cell cycle. Tumor growth results when the cell cycle checkpoints are ignored. Give an example of how tumor growth could result from either a loss-of-function or a gain-of-function mutation.

Select the statements that accurately describe different ways that translocations could lead to cancer. A translocation breaks up the sequence of a gene for a protein that stimulates apoptosis. The resulting protein cannot function properly. A gene for a protein that stimulates apoptosis is placed next to a regulatory sequence that increases the expression of the gene. A translocation breaks up a gene that encodes a protein required to pass through mitotic checkpoints. The resulting protein cannot function normally. A gene for a protein that is involved in a mitotic checkpoint is placed next to the regulatory sequence of a different gene. The gene is now expressed at inappropriate times. A new sequence is added to a proto-oncogene. The modified gene now produces a new protein that increases the rate of cell division.

Identify 2 proteins important for cell cycle regulation and explain why they play a critical role in cancer

Explain the molecular mechanisms of cancers caused by a P53 gene mutation.