Which of the following is a critical factor for target cell activation by hormones? a. binding affinity between receptor and hormone b. number of receptors on target cell c. number of receptors in target cell d. b and c e. a, b, and c

Naloxone works because it blocks receptors that usually bind with a. Endogenous opioids b. Heroine c. Opium d. Morphine e. All of these f. None of these

Which of the following enzymes does NOT catalyzes the formation a second messenger? A. PI3K B. Protein kinase C C. Phospholipase C D. Guanylyl cyclase   Which of the following statements is correct? A. Lipolysis is inhibited by epinephrine and glucagon B. Phosphorylation of triacylglycerol lipase inhibits its activity C. Activation of protein kinase A inhibits lipolysis D. Fatty acids are activated in mitochondria before undergoing b-oxidation E. Lipolysis is stimulated by cAMP F. None of the above

1. List the specific steps of beta-adrenergic receptor signaling through PKA activation. 2. What is the chromophore in rhodopsin? How does light absorption activate rhodopsin signaling? 3. How does the rhodopsin signaling pathway effector enzyme PDE affect levels of cGMP? At the molecular level, what is the result of the changed levels of cGMP and what response does this trigger? 4. What class of receptor is the insulin receptor (INSR)? When IRS1 is phosphorylated by the insulin receptor, what are the two signaling pathway branches that are activated? What physiological responses do these two branches regulate? 5. Both insulin and epinephrine regulate levels of D-glucose in the blood. How?

Which direction would a competitive reversible antagonist (plus agonist) shift the dose-response curve of the agonist? Group of answer choices A.To the left B.To the right C.Down D.Up E.To the right and possibly down

9. Describe the steps in the G-protein coupled receptor/adenylyl cyclase/CAMP - signaling pathway. What are examples of physiological processes in the body that use this pathway? What are two toxins that activate this pathway and prevent it from being turned off?

7. The following happens when a G-protein-coupled receptor activates a G protein? A. The B subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP. B. The GDP bound to the a subunit is phosphorylated to form bound GTP. C. The a subunit exchanges its bound GDP for GTP. D. It activates the a subunit and inactivates the By complex. 8. Which of the following statements is true? A. MAP kinase is important for phosphorylating MAP kinase kinase. B. PI 3-kinase phosphorylates a lipid in the plasma membrane C. Ras becomes activated when an RTK phosphorylates its bound GDP to create GTP D. STAT proteins phosphorylate JAK proteins, which then enter the nucleus and activate gene transcription 9. A cell can crawl through a tissue because of the proteins that can transmembrane bind to fibronectin outside of the cell. A. Integrin B. Collagen C. Gap junction D. Claudin 10. Which of the following genetic changes cannot convert a proto-oncogene into an oncogene A. A mutation that introduces a stop codon immediately…

1. In studying the effects of meditation, Benson found significant physiological changes, including: a. One's opposite to the "fight or flight" syndrome. b. Increased heart rate. c. Sensory stimulation. d. Cardiopulmonary alertness. e. Decreased neurotelephonic response.   2. The average American consumes nearly 150 pounds of sugars, sucrose and high fructose corn syrup, significantly less than was consumed in Colonial America. True False

40. Notch receptors operate through juxtacrine signaling which requires A. close physical association between the signal-emitting and signal-receiving cells B. cells far away from each other communicating through chemical messengers C. a cell to release a ligand that binds to a receptor on its own surface D. None of the above