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- The relationship between predator and prey populations has been studied by computer simulation using equations which form part of a mathematical model devised by Lotka and Volterra. The data in Table 6.10 show the results of such a simulation when the prey population begins with 20 individuals and the predator population begins with six individuals. 1.Explain why the peaks in the predator population occur after those in the prey population. 2. This simulation assumes one prey species and one predator species in an imaginary ecosystem and is based on mathematical equations. Why is it likely to be too simplistic to describe accurately what happens in nature?Two closely-related species overlap at the southern edge of the range for species A, and the northern edge of the range for species B. Both species consume the same prey, but differ in their preferred prey size. Researchers collected individuals from the part of each species’ range where they do not overlap. They compared the consumption of prey across a range of prey sizes for these individuals in experiments where they were grown alone (solid lines) and compared this to when the species were grown together (dashed lines). Their results are in the attached figure. Part a How does the mean size of prey consumed change for species A when together? a) increase b) decrease c) stay the same Part B How does the range of prey sizes consumed change for species B when together with species A? a) Increase b) decrease c) stay the same Part C Which species is the stronger competitor? Why?Two closely-related species overlap at the southern edge of the range for species A, and the northern edge of the range for species B. Both species consume the same prey, but differ in their preferred prey size. Researchers collected individuals from the part of each species’ range where they do not overlap. They compared the consumption of prey across a range of prey sizes for these individuals in experiments where they were grown alone (solid lines) and compared this to when the species were grown together (dashed lines). Their results are in the attached figure. Over evolutionary time, how will the fundamental niche for prey size differ for each species in the part of the range where the species overlap? Why?
- Two closely-related species overlap at the southern edge of the range for species A, and the northern edge of the range for species B. Both species consume the same prey, but differ in their preferred prey size. Researchers collected individuals from the part of each species’ range where they do not overlap. They compared the consumption of prey across a range of prey sizes for these individuals in experiments where they were grown alone (solid lines) and compared this to when the species were grown together (dashed lines). Their results are in the attached figure. Part A How does the mean size of prey consumed changes for species A when together a) increase b) decrease c) stay the same Part B How does the range of prey sizes consumed change for species B when together with species A? a) increase b) decrease c) stay the same Part C Which species is the stronger competitior and why?Hoverflies use Batesian mimics (they exhibit a characteristics of a dangerous species although they are harmless species to avoid predators) of a group of stinging, yellow & black-striped bees and wasps, which are Mullerian mimics (they exhibit similar characteristics of similar species to themselves to avoid predators) of each other. Assuming predators learn to avoid yellow and black insects only through experience, draw the expected relationship between the ratio of Batesian mimics to Mullerian mimics in the community (x-axis) and the probably that mimicry will successfully protect against predation (y-axis).Suppose you model the interaction between the elephants and acacias using a simple Lotka-Voterra predation model, where N is the number of A. depranolobium trees, and P = number of elephants. part a: According to the model, what happens in the short term to the elephant and acacia populations if the elephant population is lower than its own isocline, and the acacia tree population is lower than its own isocline? (Choose one.) Group of answer choices Both elephant and acacia populations will increase in size. Both elephant and acacia populations will decrease in size. The elephant population will decrease in size, but the acacia population will increase in size. The elephant population will increase in size, but the acacia population will decrease in size. part B: Which of the following would make this simple model more realistic? (Select all that apply.) including A. mellifera trees as a prey for elephants including other herbivore populations (such as giraffes)…
- With respect to the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model, which of the following statements is most likely true? Under this model, it is possible for a predator to drive its prey to extinction. All of the statements are true. Non of the statements is true. This model predicts neutrally-stable predator-prey cycles, as opposed to a stable equilibrium. O In this model, an increase in searching efficiency (a) will increase the maximum prey population.Consider two bird species that forage for insects that live in shrubs. The shrubs have a clumped, patchy distribution throughout their habitat. The two bird species have the same ability to locate, capture, and consume the insects. However, one species (species A) uses less energy to fly from patch to patch than the other species (species B). According to the marginal value theorem, which bird species should spend more time in each patch, and why?Mark Recapture can be written as M N = R Define each term. Use this equation to answer the following question. Show your work. A biologist for Mosaic fertilizer company catches 26 Florida scrub jays as part of their monthly environmental monitoring. Each bird is given a band. The next month, they catch 32 birds. 13 of the birds have bands. What is the estimated population size of the birds in that area?
- You've been out in the field collecting data on the predation of holly leaves. You collect 200 leaves in total of which 100 leaves contain one mine, 20 leaves contain 2 mines and 30 leaves contain 3 mines. After close examination with your hand lens and dissecting microscope you categorize a total of 15 mines with round holes, 9 mines that were torn open and 27 mines with an irregular hole. After some basic analyses you conclude that the predation rates by blue tits and wasps are: A. 3.7% and 6.5% B. 6% and 10% C. 10% and 6% D. 4% and 6.5%When wolves were returned to Yellowstone National Park in 1995, some of the effects noted were increasing levels of berries available to black bears, stabilization of stream banks, increased nesting habitat for birds, and increasing beaver numbers as a result of rejuvenating aspen trees. These were later determined to be the results of reduced numbers and altered feeding behavior of elk as they were preyed upon by the wolves. Given this information, which of the following best describes wolves in Yellowstone National Park? A. They are a primary consumer B. They are an ecosystem engineer C. They are a foundation species D. They are a keystone species E. They are a flagship speciesWhich of the following situations has revealed that mutualistic interactions can evolve from prior parasitic relationships? A. Yucca plants are pollinated only by moths of the genus Tegeticula; however, some of the moth species 'cheat" by laying eggs on seeds without pollinating the plant. B. Large-sized lice of the genus Columbicola tended to live on larger species of pigeons. Body size matching had a significant effect on the ability of lice to escape defensive preening by the host bird. C. The nonvenomous yellow-eyed salamander has the same coloration as the toxic California newt. Related nontoxic salamanders which do not mimic the newts are prone to attacks by predators. D. Glochidion trees and Epicephala moths are in an obligate mutualism with each other. Significant cospeciation led to an increase in diversity of the two species.