What precisely does the word "avalanche effect" refer to in this context? What is the mechanism by which the avalanche effect is achieved in modern block ciphers? Provide a rationale for your choice of answer.

What are the potential limitations of Electronic Code Book (ECB)? If one ciphertext block is corrupted during the transmission, all subsequent ciphertext blocks cannot be decrypted unless until corrupted block is successfully retransmitted. Repetitive information contained in the plaintext may show in the ciphertext, if aligned with blocks. If the same message (e.g., an SSN) is encrypted (with the same key) and sent twice, their ciphertexts are the same. It needs an initialization vector to operate.

Show all of the steps needed to encrypt and decrypt the ASCII message “YES” without a modular arithmetic calculator in an RSA cipher with public key (143, 7).

What is the genesis of avalanches? How can one generate the avalanche effect in the current block ciphers? Give an example to explain your idea.What is the genesis of avalanches? How can one generate the avalanche effect in the current block ciphers? Give an example to explain your idea.

The definition of a Shift Cipher can be expressed as follows:Def. Let x, y, k ∈ Z26 with the encryption operation as ek(x) ≡ x + k mod 26 and thedecryption operation as dk(y) ≡ y - k mod 26.Given the provided letter encoding, what would be the encoding of the plaintext word ATTACKafter applying a shift cipher with a k=17?

Perform the Encryption and then the Decryption for the Hill Cipher where the Plain text: "POH" and the key is: "GYBNQKURP".

Where does an avalanche get its start? How can the avalanche effect be generated in the block ciphers that are already in use? Provide an example to explain your idea.

Comparing cipher block chaining with cipher feedback mode in terms of the number of encryption operations necessary to transport a large file reveals some interesting differences.Which of these methods is more effective, and by what percentage?