What is the role of counter-regulatory hormones in the regulation of blood glucose? Question 8 options: a) To inhibit glycogenolysis b) To inhibit hepatic glucose production c) To increase insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues d) To enhance gluconeogenesis
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What is the role of counter-regulatory hormones in the regulation of blood glucose?
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- It is noticed that when a strain of mice exercises, their blood glucose drops to very low levels. Which of the following can explain this situation? a) These mice do not make enough insulin b) these mice lack insulin receptors on their cells c)these mice lack glucagon d) these mice cannot synthesize glycogen from glucosePancreatic beta cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes is probably related in part to: a) Decreased advanced glycation end products b) Autoimmune destruction of the beta cells resulting in no insulin secretion c) Decreased beta cell mass d) Increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretionInsulin will tend to increase (More than one answer may be correct): A) gluconeogenesis B) glycogenolysis C) glycogenesis D) protein degradation E) lypolysis
- Low insulin to glucagonratio is seen in all of these except :- A) glycogen synthesis B) glycogen breakdown C) gluconeogenesis D) ketogenesisWhich of the following is the primary process by which insulin stimulates glucose transport into adipose tissue cells?A) Activating Na+-K+ ATPaseB) Increasing synthesis of the glucose transporterC) Phosphorylating glucose to maintain the gradient of free glucose across the cellD) Promoting movement of the glucose transporter from the cytoplasm to the cell membraneThe pathophysiology of chronic diabetic complications is related to which process? Question 65 options: a) Oxidative stress and ROS have a limited role in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus b) Sorbitol and fructose are products of the polyol pathway that accumulate and reduce intracellular osmotic pressure causing cellular injury c) AGEs are formed by the irreversible binding of glucose to proteins, lipids and nucleic acids d) The hexosamine pathway causes pathologic changes in gene expression associated with increased insulin activity and improved cardiovascular health
- Which of the following statements is true? a) High insulin/glucagon ratio activates lipolysis in muscle b) High insulin/glucagon ratio inhibits lipolysis in liver c) High insulin/glucagon d) Low insulin/glucagon ratio activates lipolysis in adipocytes ratio activates lipolysis in adipocytesWhich of the following is true about the pathophysiology of hypoglycemia? Question 62 options: a) Glucagon decreases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver b) Autonomic symptoms are caused by increased levels of glucagon which then stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis c) Beta cells suppress insulin secretion at a plasma glucose level of 3 mmol/L d) Abrupt cessation of glucose delivery to the brain results in confusion, drowsiness, vision changes, and headacheVon Gierke’s disease is a rare genetic disorder that results in a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase. Symptoms ketoacidosis, a buildup of glycogen in the liver, and lactate buildup. Why does this glycogen storage disease not affect the brain? a) The brain is able to still perform glycolysis effectively b) None of the above c) In the event of hypoglycemia, the brain is able to utilize other sources of energy to produce ATP d) The brain is able to metabolize lactate, which is present in high concetrations.
- 64 An investigator is studying the mechanism of action of an insulin-sensitizing drug. The addition of the drug to cultured mouse hepatocytes is observed, and results show increased phosphorylation and inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase Which of the following processes is most likely inhibited by this action of the drug? A) Fatty acid oxidation B) Fatty acid synthesis C) Glycogen synthesis D) Glycolysis E) Protein synthesisA client with Type 1 diabetes mellitus is admitted to the hospital in a semi-conscious state with fever, nausea, and vomiting. The urine sample was positive for ketone bodies. Which of the following statements regarding the client is correct? Question 80 options: a) Glucagon should be administered to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver b) An injection of insulin will decrease ketone-body production c) The client should be started on a glucose infusion to help them regain consciousness d) The client's blood glucose level is well below 4.4 mmol/LWhich of the following is a clinical manifestation consistent with diabetic ketoacidosis? Question 63 options: a) Glucose < 14 mmol/L b) pH > 7.51 c) Bicarbonate > 30 mmol/L d) Acetone breath