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What is the rationale for selecting E. coli as the indicator of water potability?
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- What is the logic behind testing for E. coli to detect fecalcontamination of water?Why are coliforms selected as the indicator of water potability?The steps to convert chaulmoogra oil into an injectable treatment are: I. extraction II. saponification III. hydration IV. acidification V. esterification
- a) Define 'Disinfection' and 'Sterilization' OR differentiate between them. b) Enlist the different methods of 'Disinfection' which method would you recommend for 'Municipal Water Supply' and WHY? Depending on the availability of 'Source of Water which 'Source' is more important than the other for disinfection and WHY? Give reason. c) of them is stronger than the other and by what percentage? Define or differentiate between “Free Available Chlorine" and “Combined Available Chlorine". Write their Chemical Formulae and mention which one d) Define “Break Point Chlorination". With the help of a neat Figure' show the "Break Point" and also show "Combined Available Chlorine", "Free Available Chlorine" and "Total Available Chlorine". Mention the “Dosage" in order to obtain a “Free Available Chlorine Residual" of about 0.5 mg/l or above. e) Define the term “Chlorine Demand" of water. What are the "Factors" OR enlist the "Factors" that show the "Effectiveness of Chlorine".What are the characteristics of an effective indicator organism? Write down some examples. Suppose you filtered a sample and found the Fecal Coliform count to be 20 CFU/100ml but the Total Coliform count was 0 CFU/100ml, do you think this result is correct? If so, why/why not?Coliforms are commonly used as an indicator of drinking water quality. As we discussed, in March and April of 1993 there was a major outbreak of gastrointestinal illness in Milwaukee, Wisconsin caused by contamination in the public drinking water supply. As summarized by MacKenzie et al.1, “throughout the period from February to April 1993, samples of treated water from both (water treatment) plants were negative for coliforms and were within the limits set by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources for water quality.” Why, in this case, did coliforms remain at acceptable levels despite water contamination that resulted in over 400,000 cases of gastrointestinal illness?
- According to USP Chapter <797>, allergenic extract preparation can be made in a doctor’s office facility by trained personnel only if the allergenic extract preparation: a)Is compounded under a laminar air flow hood Is compounded by a pharmacist b)Contains an antimicrobial preservative c)Is used immediately after preparation d)Is prepared only from plant origin materialProvide the conditions (e.g., intrinsic properties, storage conditions, etc.) that will make the recovery of the following microorganisms in commercially sterile foods acceptable: a) Obligate thermophilic sporeforming bacteria b) Acid-tolerant microorganisms c) Mesophilic or thermophilic sporeformersExplain the following application of kefir. I) As food preservatives