What is the impact of cache memory hierarchy on pipelining and overall CPU performance?

Consider a virtual memory system with the following characteristics for accessing memory: 1 nanosecond for a read operation with a hit in cache 5 nanoseconds for a read operation with a miss in cache 2 nanoseconds for a write operation with a hit in cache 10 nanoseconds for a write operation with a miss in cache The cache hit ratio is 0.9   If a sequence of instructions were executed: 100 instruction fetch operations, 60 memory operand read operations, and 40 memory operand write operations, what would be the average memory access time (in nanoseconds) in executing the sequence of instructions:

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Assume miss rate of an instruction cache is 2% and miss rate of data cache IS 4%, If a processor have CPI of 2 without any memory stalls and miss penalty is 100 cycles for all misses, determine how much faster a processor would run with a perfect cache that never missed. Assume frequency of all loads and stores is 36%.

Calculate the CPU execution time (expressed in milliseconds) of a program with 10 million instructions on a 2.5 GHz CPU with the following basic instruction-type breakdowns and CPIs: Arithmetic: 60%, CPI = 2 Load & Store (assuming perfect caches): 25%, CPI = 5 Branching: 15%, CPI = 3 In addition, you are told that the overall cache miss rate for instructions is 1%, the overall cache miss rate for data is 3%, and the cache miss penalty is 100 cycles. You can ignore the hit time (consider it zero).

How does "cache hierarchy" impact the performance and efficiency of a pipelined architecture?

Discuss the concept of instruction-level parallelism (ILP) and how pipelining contributes to increasing ILP in modern CPUs.

We will explore the impact of cache capacity on performance, focusing exclusively on the data cache and excluding instruction storage in the caches. Cache access time is directly linked to its capacity. For the sake of simplicity, let's assume that accessing the main memory takes 100ns, and in a specific program, 50% of instructions involve data access. Two distinct processors, denoted as P1 and P2, are engaged in executing this program. Each processor is equipped with its own L1 cache. L1 size L1 Miss Rate L1 Hit Time P1 64 KB 3.6% 1.26 ns P2 128 KB 3.1% 2.17ns (a) What is the AMAT for P1 and P2 assuming no other levels of cache?