Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9780134580999
Author: Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher: PEARSON
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what is a receptor and give one example of where a receptor is found, explaining its role is in monitoring homeostasis
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- In most neurons, membrane depolarization leads to the opening of voltage-dependent ion channels, generation of an action potential, and, ultimately, an influx of Ca2+, which causes release of neurotransmitter at the axon terminus. Devise a cellular strategy by which hyperpolarization in rod cells could produce excitation of the visual pathway and passage of visual signals to the brain. (Hint: The neuronal signaling pathway in higher organisms consists of a series of neurons that relay information to the brain. The signal released by one neuron can be either excitatory or inhibitory to the following, postsynaptic neuron.)arrow_forward1. Shown below are figures of the closed and open structures of the voltage gated potassium channel protein in the cell membrane of a neuronal cell. Extracellular CLOSED Extracellular OPEN Cytosol Region A Cytosol Region A Region A of the channel protein functions as a paddle. The paddles move up and down, opening and closing the central pore through which potassium ions flow. The resting membrane potential of a neuronal cell is -70mV. Action potential +40 The action potential graph is shown on the right, at what point in the graph or when would voltage gated potassium channels be closed and when would they be open? Choose from Resting, depolarization, repolarization or refractory period. Describe briefly. a. Threshold -55 Failed initiations Resting state -70 Stimulus 1 Refractory period b. Would potassium ions move in or out of the cell when the voltage gated potassium channels are open? 1 4. Time (ms) What kind/type of amino acids would be present in region A of the voltage gated…arrow_forwardA neuronal precursor in a fly embryo expresses which molecule to signal neighboring cells not to become neurons (Choices are shh, delta, noggin, notch)arrow_forward
- The words for making negative mechanism are; stimuls,integration center, effector, response and receptorarrow_forwardWhat component of control mechanism produces a response in the body? Group of answer choices stimulus control center receptor effectorsarrow_forwardWhat makes an ionotropic receptor response excitatory or inhibitory?arrow_forward
- describe how the membrane potential varies over time AND distance as a graded potential move across the cell body of a neuron. Describe the movement of ions within the cell body as the graded potential moves away from the stimulusarrow_forwarddy must constantly monitor conditions and regulation. Review this crucial process by fila e words listed in the Word Bank below. (Hin EQUILIBRIUM POSITIVE NEGATIVE RECEPTOR OPPOSESarrow_forwardYou have a photoreceptor cell in a dish. You are recording its membrane potential while flashing different intensities of light. Which of the following would you observe? Group of answer choices The cell hyperpolarizes, with brighter light causing more hyperpolarization than dimmer lights The cell depolarizes, with brighter light causing more depolarization than dimmer lights If the light is bright enough to reach threshold, it will fire an action potential No change in membrane potential will be observedarrow_forward
- 1) The olfactory receptor neurons in frogs resemble those of mammals, in that they express olfactory receptors that are coupled to a G protein. When the G protein is activated, it activates an adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP, which then opens cyclic-AMP gated cation channels in the plasma membrane. The opening of these channels depolarizes the membrane, leading to the production of an action potential. Your friend is interested in why neurons stop responding to an odor after prolonged exposure to it, a process called adaptation. He has conducted experiments examining the depolarization of the olfactory receptor neuron, the binding of odorant to the receptor, the activation of the G protein, the levels of CAMP in the cell, and the phosphorylation of adenylyl cyclase. His results are summarized in Table 1. depolarization of neuron? odorant binding to receptor? activation of the G protein? CAMP levels in the cell? adenylyl cyclase phosphorylation? no odor no no no low no Table 1 brief…arrow_forwardTo answer this question, first click here to view the associated animation. In the signal transduction pathway, protein kinase A (select all that apply): Converts CAMP back into ATP. Phosphorylates the effector protein. Is activated by CAMP. Stimulates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase that then converts ATP into CAMP. O Adds a phosphate group to the effector protein. Save for Laterarrow_forwardTaste buds are sensory receptors for taste located on the tongue. When a person eats a spicy food, receptors on the tongue pick up a stimulus. The stimulus initiates the movement of ions across the membrane. If the threshold level is reached, an action potential is generated and a signal is sent to the brain telling the brain that the food is spicy. The reason that some individuals have a higher tolerance to spicy food than others is due to a difference in the a. duration of the refractory period b. number of Na+/K+ ion exchange pumps c. strength of the stimulus d. threshold levelarrow_forward
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