What are the potential implications of altered embryonic cell fate determination on the overall development and functioning of multicellular organisms?
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What are the potential implications of altered embryonic cell fate determination on the overall development and functioning of multicellular organisms?
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- What statement best describes the difference between "fate maps" and "specification"? If cells are transplanted from their normal region in an embryo to a different region in a recipient embryo, such cells will alter their fate, but not their specification. Cell fate map describes the allocation of cells to the germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm, whereas specification describes the exact tissues that each cell will ultimately become. The fate map of an embryo does not change during development -- the fate map of an egg is the same as the fate map of a late blastula -- whereas the specification map of an embryo changes continually as the embryo's development proceeds. The fate map of a cell is determined by labelling that cell and following it during normal development, whereas the specification state of a cell is determined by culturing a cell in an artificial medium and observing what tissues form from it.What specific molecular factors determine the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into different cell types during development?While many of us have an intuitive sense of the what is meant by “growth” in our everyday vocabulary, growth is an important concept in developmental biology as well. a) Define growth as it relates to developmental biology. b) What are the main mechanisms of growth? c) How does cell death fit into a discussion of growth? d) How is growth different from regeneration?
- Explain why E is the correct choice. Various types of stem cells that develop from the mesoderm are involved in processes by which all cells of the protostomes and Deuterostomes obtain or regulate ions, molecules, or monomers (nutrients). Therefore, these cells will perform which of the following processes? a) Osmosis, b) active transport, c) facilitated diffusion, d) exocytosis, e) all are correct.Why do differentiating cells increasingly lose their developmental potential?What are some of the ethical issues that arise from using embryonic stem cells?(b) To avoid these issues, scientists use IPSCs. What are the pros and cons to using iPSCs inrelation to embryonic stem cells?
- I am confused about how stem cell transplants works. If you put a semi differentiated tadpole nucleus in a denucleated egg cell, it’ll develop into a fully formed tadpole, but if you put a fully differentiated tadpole nucleus, it won’t (because the genes have already been expressed in a way where the cytoplasmic determinants cannot operate to the fullest). Then how come in stem cell transplants, you use adult nucleuses that are already developed and transplant them into the denucleated egg cells?What is the genetic basis for the bewildering range of sizes and shapes displayed by complex multicellular organisms?What is true of the Progress Zone model? a) the length of time a cell resides in the progress zone dictates its identity along the proximodistal axis b) it is consistent with the outcome of removing the AER at successively later stages of limb development c) once a cell leaves the progress zone, its identity is established along the proximodistal axis d) cells of the progress zone are stimulated to divide by the AER e) all of the above You isolate a new mutant chicken strain in which limb outgrowth is severely curtailed. Limbdevelopment begins and the AER initially forms, but the AER then degenerates and subsequent development of the limb is aborted. Which of the following is a possible explanation for the AER phenotype? a) the mutant gene may function cell autonomously in the AER b) the mutant gene may function cell-nonautonomously in the limb bud mesenchyme c) the mutant gene may interfere with the feedback loop between the mesenchyme and AER d) all of the above
- A classical experiment studying the fate determination of stem cells in the developing embryo uses the transplantation of somites from one organism to another. In such an experiment, a scientist transplanted somites 20, 21, and 22 from the right side of the neural tube from five-day-old developing quail embryos into chick embryos. The transplantation was performed in two orientations so that the order of the somites was sometimes reversed. Use the passage to answer the question. Central self-tolerance in the immune system arises when maturing T cells in the thymus undergo apoptosis when they bind to self-antigens. Based on this information, what would MOST likely occur as the chick immune system develops? A. T cells would recognize transplanted quail somites as foreign and rapidly divide. B. T cells would recognize transplanted quail somites as foreign and undergo apoptosis. C. T cells would recognize transplanted quail somites as self and rapidly divide.…One of the main questions in the field of developmental biology is how cell differentiation works at a molecular level, If vou are a student studving the process of cell differentiation, what would you be studying? Select all correct answers. Whether cells in one species can be transplanted into another species. A. How cells undergo changes in shape, division, and migration to give tissues and organs their three dimensional form. The oxygen carrying capacity of blood from different species. How cells become different from each other and carry out distinct functions due to differential gene expression. OD. Whether certain genes are oncogenes or tumor suppressors in human cancers. E. How muscle progenitor cells undergo changes to become skeletal muscle cells. F.A classical experiment studying the fate determination of stem cells in the developing embryo uses the transplantation of somites from one organism to another. In such an experiment, a scientist transplanted somites 20, 21, and 22 from the right side of the neural tube from five-day-old developing quail embryos into chick embryos. The transplantation was performed in two orientations so that the order of the somites was sometimes reversed. Use the passage to answer the question. Suppose that somite stem cells commit to their cell fates by three days post fertilization. Which result would be MOST likely in the chick embryos receiving somites transplanted in the reverse order? A. The organs arising from quail somites develop in a normal order because local signaling molecules appropriately pattern the developing organs. B. The organs arising from quail somites develop in a normal order because transcriptional programs activated in the nucleus cannot be reversed.…