Explain the term 'cardiac output' and discuss how cardiac output can be altered by heart rate and stroke volume Describe the conduction of electrical activity through the heart and explain how this relates to the ECG waveform Describe the events of the cardiac cycle
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- F D H Let's review the electrical events that occur during a heartbeat. Match each phase of the ECG in the figure with its description. ▸ View Available Hint(s) ReConceptualize in Color Electrocardiogram Color each part of the ECG waveform shown bere as suggested. • P wave: Green • QRS complex: Yellow • PR interval: Purple • ST segment: Brown •T wave: Blue Next, link each part of the waveform to the cardiac activity it represents by underlining each particular statement with the color you sused in the waveform. For example, if you colored the P wave green, underline in green the statement describing what the P wave represents. 1. This part of the waveform represents ventricular repolarization. 2. This part of the waveform represents atrial depolarization. 3. This part of the waveform represents the time it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the atria to the ventricles. 4. This part of the waveform represents ventricular depolarization. 5. This part of the waveform represents the end of ventricular depolarization and the beginning of ventricular repolarization. 192 Chapter 15 HeartState the electrical status of the atrial and the ventricular contractile muscle fibers (that is, whether they are still at resting potential, completely depolarized, or completely repolarized) during the PR segment, the ST segment, and the TP segment.
- Relationship between pressure, volume and ECG Pressure (mmHg) Volume (ml) ECG 120 80 40 130 90 50 IVC Aortic valve opens Mitral valve closes Systole ejection EDV Ejection Contraction IVR Aortic valve closes Diastole filling Mitral valve opens Filling ESV Relaxation Filling Aortic pressure Left ventricular pressure Left atrial pressure Left ventricular volume Hint: utilize PV loop to guide you in creating the cardiac cycle diagrams. LVP (mmHg) LV Vol (ml) LVP (mmHg) 100- 0 100 0 150 100 50 Aortic 2 Valve Opening Mitral Valve Closing a b Aortic Valve Closing ESPVR Mitral Valve Opening to 0 Systole Plot the tension in the left ventricle, assuming that only the diameter changes during the cardiac cycle. 3 d 50 ↑ ESV с d C 3 Time a Diastole SV - EDV ------ESV 100 a Aortic Valve Closing Mitral Valve Opening LV Vol (ml) Aortic Valve Opening Mitral Valve b closing EDV EDPVR 150Regarding the cardiac cycle at resting HR, when in the cycle does ventricular filling occur? Howimportant is atrial contraction to the EDV? Why is the first part of ventricular contraction isovolumetric?When and why does rapid ejection of blood from the ventricle occur?Component Amplitude(mV) Duration (s) P wave 0.046 0.07 QRS complex 0.839 0.08 T wave 0.061 0.2 Describe the physiological events in the heart muscle represented by each ECG component (the P wave, the QRS complex, and T wave). Why does the QRS complex have the largest amplitude?
- Relationship between pressure, volume and ECG Pressure (mmHg) Volume (mL) ECG 120 80 40 130 90 + + 50+ IVC Aortic valve opens Mitral valve closes Systole ejection EDV Ejection Contraction IVR Aortic valve closes Diastole filling Mitral valve opens Filling -ESV Relaxation Filling Aortic pressure Left ventricular pressure Left atrial pressure Left ventricular volume Illustrate and describe the changes in pressure (aortic and lel ventricular) and volume (ventricular) that happen during acute and chronic cardiac failure.Describe how cardiac performance is measured in cardiac output. In your answer, be sure to describe the role of stroke volume (SV) and HR by defining each and discussing factors that influence SV in particular both during acute exercise and following chronic exercise training.The right and left atria of the heart look alike and perform similar functional demands. The right and left ventricle are very different, structurally and functionally. Why are the atria similarities and the difference in the ventricles significant in the role they play in the functional activity of the heart? How would these differences be manifested on an EKG, with details given to the P wave and QRS complex?