What are some of the stimuli that can trigger reactivation of a latent herpesvirus infection? Speculate on why.

Q: What is meant by non-progressor HIV? What is the physiology behind this

A: Non-progressor HIV means an individual is affected by HIV or Human Immune Deficiency Virus but he or…

Q: List the targets of antiviral drugs and their modes of action. Whatis the strategy behind taking…

A: Virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that needs a living host for their replication. It causes…

Q: After entry into the respiratory tract (alveolar epithelium), which is the target protein for the…

A: Acute Respiratory Syndrome Serious Since there are several conserved receptor inputs, namely…

Q: Describe two mechanisms a virus might use to prevent the induction of apoptosis in an infected cell.

A: Apoptosis is the most typical form of cell death that is operated by a series of events controlled…

Q: how diphtheria toxin is formed?

A: Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is anaerobic,…

Q: what impact could a mutation that makes the binding to the ACE-2 receptors stronger have on a…

A: virus are obligate parasites ,which becomes active when inside a living cell . they use many…

Q: Briefly describe the events leading to the synthesis of viral proteins. Begin with the genome;…

A: It has been proposed that RNA was the earliest genetic material in primitive living forms. The DNA…

Q: “Type I interferons serve as the first line of defence against viral infections”. Give a schematic…

A: Type I interferons (IFNs) indeed serve as the first line of defense against viral infections. They…

Q: Adaptive Immunity Briefly describe the adaptive immune response to Canine Parvovirus .

A: Adaptive immunity is likewise referred to as acquired immunity or particular immunity and is only…

Q: What are three major methods of transmission of the HIV virus and provide an example of each method.

A: HIV stands for Human Immuno deficiency Virus and is responsible for causing AIDS in humans. HIV…

Q: How do poxviruses, such as variola, evade the host immune response?

A: When virus goes inside the blood, the immune system activates and start producing substance like…

Q: What is hantavirus

A: Hantavirus is a zoonotic pathogenic virus.

Q: Diagram or describe the replication cycle of HIV-1. Indicate all the steps/stages that can NOT be…

A: The replication cycle of HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1) is a complex process that HIV,…

Q: Make a simple drawing of the functions of toll-like receptors.

A: Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a family of transmembrane receptors that serve as signaling receptors…

Q: Compare and contrast the autoimmune processes causing myasthenia gravis and Graves’ disease.

A: Acquired myasthenia gravis is a prototypical, antibody-mediated autoimmune disorder of the…

Q: Explain why HIV targets certain cell types, and describe the ?effects this virus has on the immune…

A: To answer this question you should have knowledge about Immunology. The question asks us to explain…

Q: Give three examples of host cell proteins that are used by viruses, and in each case describe which…

A: Introduction  A virus is an infectious agent which replicates inside the host cells. Virus can…

Q: Viruses have countered the specific immune defense systems by developing “disabling” or “evasion”…

A: Answer :- As we know that It is deep rooted that the viruses have developed wide assortment of…

Q: Describe a drug therapy that has been used for patients infected with SARS COV2. What does it…

A: Immunity can be defined as the ability of an organism to resist pathogenic organisms that can cause…

Q: What are the mechanisms by which viruses are able to evade host immune responses and establish…

A: A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms,…

Q: Discuss the importance of vaccination and management of secondary infections during  an outbreak of…

A: Vaccination It refers to the administration of vaccines to help the immune system form immunity from…

Q: Explain the mode of action of the herpes viral RNAs and how they confound the immune system.

A: Herpes is foundubiquitous; humans are only natural reservoir (for human herpes)

Q: How does bat migration influence the spread of Ebola.

A: Ebola is a virus that affects the blood clotting ability. The virus is called a hemorrhagic fever…

Q: Differentiate with examples between the different modes of viral transmission in insects.

A: Interaction of the virus with its insect host requires molecular interactions specific to both the…

Q: Explain : Vpr counteracts LAPTM5 to promote HIV-1 infection in macrophages

A: Vpr means viral protein R and it is a HIV  gene and protein product. This gene is responsible for…

Q: List two to three qualities of the norovirus that make it so infectious.

A: The Norovirus comes under the Calciviridae classification of viruses. It is a highly contagious…

Q: Explain HIV is so difficult to treat. Why antiviral medication is a cocktail/mixture of different…

A: Ans. HIV-Hummanimmuni deficiency virus. It leads to AIDS and attacks the body's immune system.…

Q: What steps in the viral maturation process are inhibited bynucleoside analogs? By protease…

A: A virus is a microscopic organism that is pathogenic to humans and animals, mainly. The genetic…

Q: what host cell is most important in HIV-1 progression to AIDS and why?

A: A Cell that offers shelter and food to an international organism is known as a Host Cell. When two…

Q: HPV viruses have a distinct capability to evade confrontation with the human immune system? What are…

A: Microorganisms or microbes are tiny organisms that can be found everywhere in this world. Some are…

Q: What is the role of gp120 in HIV infection?

A: The virus known as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) targets the immune system of the body. HIV can…

Q: Consider that the Herd Immunity Threshold is dependent on the reproduction number for an infectious…

A: Few important terms are as follows: Contagious disease : Disease that spread from one person to…

Q: Explain how antiviral agents may reduce thetransmission of herpes simplex virus.

A: Herpes simplex virus: Transmission of this occur by: oral-to-oral contact- This results in oral…

Q: What is the function of the VPg protein of poliovirus,and how can coronaviruses replicate without a…

A: A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells. Once inside a…

Q: How does the role of reverse transcriptase in the replicationcycles of retroviruses and…

A: A virus is a group of microorganisms that consist of a submicroscopic infectious particle that…

Q: Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion to all parts

A: In the realm of virology, pox viruses stand as a group of intricate and large viruses. This…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.