What are some of the stimuli that can trigger reactivation of a latent herpesvirus infection? Speculate on why.

Q: List the targets of antiviral drugs and their modes of action. Whatis the strategy behind taking…

A: Virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that needs a living host for their replication. It causes…

Q: Explain the multifaceted role of interferons as first responders to viral infection: What types of…

A: Introduction: - interferons usually belongs to the glycoproteins of low molecular weight. These…

Q: The influenza virus produces a protein that degrades interferon. How does this increase its…

A: Some viruses like influenza virus escape the anti-viral activities of interferons by gene (and thus…

Q: A vaccine IMAGINERIX was introduced against a new Gloomy virus (hypothetical names). While the…

A: Multiple sclerosis is basically an autoimmune disease in which the immune cells attack the body's…

Q: Briefly list three mechanisms by which monoclonal antibodies that bind to viruses or virally…

A: Microscopically small infectious organisms known as viruses can only replicate inside the cells of…

Q: Draw a figure illustrating the sequence of events in a typical inflammatory response to a bacterial…

A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…

Q: how diphtheria toxin is formed?

A: Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is anaerobic,…

Q: what impact could a mutation that makes the binding to the ACE-2 receptors stronger have on a…

A: virus are obligate parasites ,which becomes active when inside a living cell . they use many…

Q: Explain why viral infections are difficult to treat.

A: The virus is a non-living entity. It is the source of a variety of infections. The infection host…

Q: Briefly describe the events leading to the synthesis of viral proteins. Begin with the genome;…

A: It has been proposed that RNA was the earliest genetic material in primitive living forms. The DNA…

Q: Correlate the lack of efficient repair mechanisms in RNA viruses with the need to be vaccinated for…

A: Generally RNA virus posses a higher rate of mutation and sometimes it increases upto million folds…

Q: What is a provirus?

A: Provirus is a viral genome that is integrated in to genetic material of host cell which replicates…

Q: “Type I interferons serve as the first line of defence against viral infections”. Give a schematic…

A: Type I interferons (IFNs) indeed serve as the first line of defense against viral infections. They…

Q: It is observed that there is a decrease in the antibody level against Wuhan strain of virus but an…

A: Antibodies are the components of the adaptive immune system. Antibodies are produced by the plasma B…

Q: Describe the structural features of the human immunodeficiency virusand the host cell membrane that…

A: A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent. It replicates only inside the living cells of an…

Q: What is the action mechanism of the antiretroviral drugs called protease inhibitors which are used…

A: A number of antiretroviral agents are used to treat HIV, although no complete cure for the disease…

Q: Adaptive Immunity Briefly describe the adaptive immune response to Canine Parvovirus .

A: Adaptive immunity is likewise referred to as acquired immunity or particular immunity and is only…

Q: How do poxviruses, such as variola, evade the host immune response?

A: When virus goes inside the blood, the immune system activates and start producing substance like…

Q: What are Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

A: Including cytokine receptors, growth factor receptors, and Fc receptors; receptors are proteins,…

Q: Explain the two main features that characterize the third line of host defense mechanisms.

A: Introduction: The immune system is a complex network of immune cells and proteins that work together…

Q: Make a simple drawing of the functions of toll-like receptors.

A: Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a family of transmembrane receptors that serve as signaling receptors…

Q: Discuss one common myth or misconception about the HPV Virus. Explain why the myth may exist and…

A: One common myth about the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is that only women can get HPV. This…

Q: What is a single word that defines a characteristic of most Herpesviruses? Answer: I

A: Herpes virus are very hard to treat due to their complex genome despite having high quality drugs…

Q: Diagram the host cell receptors that distinguish self from nonself

A:

Q: Describe the mode of action of each class of retroviral agent usedto treat infection with HIV.

A: INTRODUCTION: HIV is human immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus which leads to a disease commonly…

Q: What is the purpose of antiretroviral therapy in HIV treatment?

A: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a medical treatment used to treat HIV (Human Immunodeficiency…

Q: Which virulence factor description among A-E is false? A) O Adhesins: fimbriae or pili are examples…

A: Virulence factors are the factors that increase the colonisation and help to adhere to the host…

Q: What is the immunological function of a Toll-like receptor?

A: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of receptors that serve as the body's first line of defence…

Q: Viruses have countered the specific immune defense systems by developing “disabling” or “evasion”…

A: Answer :- As we know that It is deep rooted that the viruses have developed wide assortment of…

Q: Can you compare and contrast the infection process of influenza and HIV? What are the specific…

A: Virus can be referred to as a genetic material enveloped by a protein coat that can infect and…

Q: How are endothelia involved with blood clotting?

A: Hi! As you have posted multiple questions, I will be answering the first one for you. If you need…

Q: Herpes Simplex Virus 1

A: Herpes simplex virus is a common virus that causes infections of the skin and mucous membranes. It…

Q: Describe some factors that weaken host defenses and increase susceptibility to infection.

A: Introduction   We are surrounded by various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungus etc. Every…

Q: Match terms with descriptions based on the text above. You can use an answer more than once or not…

A: The terms prevalence and incidence are used to characterize the magnitude of a condition in a…

Q: Discuss the importance of vaccination and management of secondary infections during  an outbreak of…

A: Vaccination It refers to the administration of vaccines to help the immune system form immunity from…

Q: Given what we know about HIV, describe the impact of this virus on humoral and cellular immunity.…

A: The retrovirus known as HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) preferentially attacks and kills CD4+ T…

Q: What is the difference between HIV and AIDS? Include some symptoms associated with each.

A: Infection with HIV destroys the CD4 cells that helps to fight against infections. AIDS is the last…

Q: Differentiate with examples between the different modes of viral transmission in insects.

A: Interaction of the virus with its insect host requires molecular interactions specific to both the…

Q: Explain : Vpr counteracts LAPTM5 to promote HIV-1 infection in macrophages

A: Vpr means viral protein R and it is a HIV  gene and protein product. This gene is responsible for…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.