Q: What other factors may control the outcome of an infectiousdisease?
A: An infectious disease is the one that is caused by pathogenic microbes. These microbes can be…
Q: How can activity of a hemolytic exotoxin be detected?
A: Introduction Toxins can be of two type on the basis of their secretion viz. Endotoxins and…
Q: How does toxin neutralization occur? Viral neutralization?
A: Microbial toxins are poisonous substances synthesized by the microorganisms which demonstrate a…
Q: What types of compounds in bacterial cells can serve as antigens?
A: Bacteria are prokaryotic cells, they are present in various shapes in nature like rod-shaped,…
Q: What is the role of a prophage in persistent infections?
A: A prophage is also referred as bactriophage as prophages are viruses that infects bacteria.…
Q: Why cell of graft differ from the recipient’s?
A: Graft can be defined as the tissue or some organ that is moved from one site of the body to another…
Q: What is a cytocidal infection? What is a cytopathic effect?
A: SOME BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT INFECTIOUS AGENTS It is pathogens or the microorganisms which are…
Q: Explain about the Macrophage engulfing bacteria ?
A: Introduction Our immune system plays key role in defence against harmful foreign particles be it…
Q: How does the lysogenic pathway differ from the lytic pathway?
A: So, basically lysogenic and lytic pathways are types of viral multiplication. Out of both lysogenic…
Q: What mechanism do Tc cells use to identify anddestroy infected cells in the body? How do Th cells…
A: Immune system protects the body against infection. Cells involved in immune functions are known as…
Q: What is meant by the following terms: granulomatous inflammation, gram-positive organism, and…
A: Given: Need to define the three given terms concisely. The bacteria are tiny microscopic…
Q: What is chemotaxis?
A: Chemotaxis is the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus. This kind of movement…
Q: What is the most chemically resistant non-spore-forming bacterial pathogen?
A: Although specific disinfectants and sterilization techniques are developed against the microbes, a…
Q: What can be done to prevent the spread of these resistant microbes in the hospital?
A: Resistant microbes cause a major threat of nosocomial infections in hospitals. Healthcare personnel…
Q: Why does intravenous administration of a bicarbonate solution raise theplasma pH?
A: The body maintains the pH within a normal range with the help of buffer systems.
Q: Why are gram-positive bacteria typically more resistant than gram-negative bacteria to…
A: Bacteria are found everywhere. They can survive almost every where including bottom of oceans, our…
Q: What is meant by complement fixation? What are cytolysins?
A: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins are Y-shaped globular proteins secreted by the plasma…
Q: How to prevent MDCK cells from forming cysts in culture?
A: MDCK is also known as Madin-Darby Canine Kidney. The cells are a type of model mammalian cell used…
Q: What is Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity?
A: The immune system composed of cells, tissues, proteins, and organs. Its main function is to protect…
Q: How do microfi lariae get into the blood?
A: Microfilariae is an early stage in the life cycle of certain parasitic nematodes belonging to the…
Q: Why do you think are IV solutions given to a patient?
A: Intravenous fluid therapy involves infusion of several products such as intravenous solutions,…
Q: he name of the waxy chemical found in Mycobacterium cell walls that promotes immunevasion?
A: Neither absolutely gram-negative nor gram-positive, the envelope of mycobacteria is planned to…
Q: Is lytic or lysogenic more dangerous?
A: Viruses do not replicate by themselves as they use the enzymatic machinery of the host cell for…
Q: Why are certain gram-negative bacteria more resistant than gram-positive bacteria to antimicrobials…
A: Gram-negative bacteria are characterized by the presence of thin peptidoglycan cell wall. The…
Q: How is this flagellar protein H antigen useful to those working in a medical laboratory ??
A: Bacteria such as Salmonella look similar under the microscope but they can be divided into many…
Q: What term is used to describe the unique molecules found onthe surface of different pathogens?
A: Step 1 Pathogens are disease-causing organisms or parasites. Pathogens have a specific point of…
Q: How long does penicillin take to kill infection?
A: Penicillin is a type of antibiotics and they are used to treat bacterial infections. They kill or…
Q: How do microfilariae get into the blood?
A: Microfilariae is an early stage in the life cycle of certain parasitic nematodes belonging to family…
Q: What is a suspension of killed pathogenic bacteria known as?
A: Bacteria are microscopic single-celled prokaryotes that thrive in diverse environmental conditions.…
Q: How is a plaque similar to a bacterial colony? 3
A: The bacteriophage viruses replicate and spread over a cell culture by producing cell destruction…
Q: What is the normal bacterial flora? What is its role in defense?
A: Introduction :- A population of bacteria that lives on or in the body and has a special ecological…
Q: how does MALT protect your body?
A: Any substance (foreign or self) that is capable of provoking an immune response in the body is known…
Q: What conditions compromise host defenses against microorganisms?
A: The term "human microbiome" refers to the complex biological system of microbes that resides in and…
Q: What are the bacterial cell targets of the different antibiotics?
A: Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances that control or inhibit the growth of microorganisms,…
Q: What is opsonization, and how does opsonization help fightbacterial infection?
A: Antibodies bind with antigen via non-covalent bonds like hydrogen bonds, van der waals interactions.…
Q: Why does this toxin not kill the Bacillus?
A: Most bacteria produce pigments, enzymes, and toxins. Toxins can be exotoxins and endotoxins. The…
Q: What is the most effective antibiotic used to treat a UTI?
A: UTI stands for urinary tract infection. It occurs when bacteria manage to get into the urine and…
Q: How does a latent infection differ from a chronic infection?
A: When a microorganism invades and multiplies inside the body of its host, then it is termed an…
Q: What is passive immunisation?
A: Immunity is the ability of an organism to fight with the diseases. Any foreign organism or particle…
Q: What is Cotransduction frequency?
A: Transduction is a process of genetic recombination in bacteria wherein a virus serves as a vector of…
Q: What is an immunization?
A: Immunity is a term used to describe a complex organism's ability to combat harmful pathogens.…
Q: What triggers lytic cycle?
A: A lytic cycle refers to the life cycle of the bacterial viruses wherein the formation of viral…
Q: Name the structure where ultrafiltration takes place?
A: Step 1 Nephric filtrate consists of water, various electrolyte, glucose, amino acids. It is alkaline…
Q: What are the reasons that triggers enuresis ?
A: Bedwetting is another name for enuresis. The most prevalent type of elimination issue is nocturnal…
Q: what are pathogen?
A: The microorganisms on the earth exist in different forms, shapes, sizes, and in a diverse range of…
What are plaque-forming units?
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