Various drugs used to treat hypertension act through the kidney and urine filtration system. A common drug to treat hypertension is thiazide, which acts directly on the cells of the distal convoluted tubule. Hypothesize about why thiazide lowers blood pressure, based on the anatomical feature of the kidney it targets.

Which of following is not a function of kidneys? a. Maintain volume, pH and composition of body luids b. Remove excess toxic chemicals c. Remove metabolic wastes d. Synthesis of angiotensinogen

The distal nephron is able to fine-tune sodium and water balance because it can regulate reabsorption of sodium and water independently of each other. This is unlike the proximal nephron, where an increase in sodium reabsorption will lead to an increase in water reabsorption due to the creation of an osmotic gradient and free permeability to both sodium and water. How does vasopressin affect water reabsorption in the distal nephron in response to a negative water balance? Increased circulating vasopressin increases expression of aquaporin on the luminal membrane. O Increased circulating vasopressin decreases expression of aquaporin on the luminal membrane. Decreased circulating vasopressin increases expression of aquaporin on the luminal membrane. Decreased circulating vasopressin decreases expression of aquaporin on the luminal membrane.

Glomerular filtration can be increased by which of the following? A. Increasing blood flow via afferent arteriole B. Decreasing blood flow via afferent arteriole C. Decreasing arterial blood pressure D. Increasing blood flow via efferent arteriole The answer is (A) Increasing blood flow via afferent arteriole. Please explain why it is not the other options (B,C,D)