There are two competing processes for the manufacture of lactic acid, chemical and biochemical syntheses. The chemical synthesis involves the hydrocyanation of acetaldehyde, while the biochemical synthesis involves the fermentation of sugars or starch. Discuss the TWO advantages and THREE disadvantages of synthesising lactic acid via the biochemical route.

Which of the following statements comparing the synthesis of pyrimidines vs. purines is correct? (A) Both types of nucleotides are formed by constructing the nitrogenous base step-by-step on a phosphorylated ribose foundation.(B) Aspartate serves as a nitrogen donor only for purines, while pyrimidines use only glutamine as a nitrogen donor. (C) Both pathways require the synthesis of 5-phophoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate.(D) During the de novo synthesis of both types of nucleotides, nucleosides are formed first and then phosphates are added to the 5’ carbon of ribose.(E) Ribonucleotide reductase is used to form dNTPs from pyrimidine NTPs but not purines.

What is the committed step of pyrimidine biosynthesis? Include the names and structures of any product(s), substrate(s), and cofactors, and the name of the enzyme responsible.

Two therapeutics, methotrexate and fluorouracil, inhibit the formation of dTMP, at different points in the synthesis.  One is a suicide inhibitor and one is a competitive inhibitor.   a. What therapeutic applications are there for inhibiting the synthesis of dTTP? (ie. What are they treating?) b. Identify the which molecule is the competitive inhibitor and which one is the suicide inhibitor and explain how you know.

What is the biochemical basis for the spectrum of fastidiousness seen in the microbial world? (That is, why are some organisms fastidious and others are non fastidious?)

Why is triose phosphate isomerase considered to be catalytically perfect?

Can you write possible mineralization and biotransformation reactions for glucose (C6H12O6) ?

The purinosome contains enzymes that convert the serine hydroxymethylgroup to the formyl group of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate. Write a balancedequation for each reaction in this conversion.

Please don't provide handwritten solution .....

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used in the production of wine and beer, while Lactobacillus acidophilus is used in making yogurt.  Explain why each is biochemically suited to the manufacturing of each of these products.