The tree below shows the relationship between 4 species. The fossil calibration point is 13 million years old. If are are 6.0 substitutions per 100 base pairs between species A and D, and 1.0 substitutions between species B and D, how long ago (in million years) did the most recent common ancestor of B and D live? Round your answer to two decimal place (0.00). A B C D Fossil calibration point

Answer only question 7 and 10 based on the diagrams and solutions above and the tree

analyze the phylogenetic tree and report its summary/inference (outgroup, etc)

Consider the following sample dataset of character traits for five taxa (A, B, C, D, and E) and an outgroup (O) and answer the following: Taxon, Character 1 A B C D 1 1 1 0 0 Character 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 Character 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 Character 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 (A) Identify which character traits are ancestral and which are derived, (B) Determine the two taxa most closely related to each other (C) Are any of the character traits obvious homoplasies? If so, which ones? (D) Name three taxa that if put in their own taxonomic group would be considered paraphyletic.

Suppose we are sure, because of previous studies, that species 1, 2, and 3 are more closely related to each other than to species 4 (outgroup). We sequence a gene and find ten nucleotide sites that differ among the four species. Draw the most parsimonious tree and label each evolutionary change on the tree (Position – new nucleotide; Example = 8T or 6C).    *The answer is below but I do not understand where the numbers or tick marks came from? Could someone explain. For example, why is the 1A on the 2?

To test evolutionary hypotheses, you make a phylogeny of a group of organisms based on six traits: A B 1 2 E 5 2 1= singing 2= nest-building 3 = short legs 4 = hollow snout 5= crest J L M 6 = tree dwelling a) Based on your phylogeny, did hollow snouts evolve to allow singing? Explain your answer. b) Your friend wants to put all of the species that have hollow snouts into a single taxonomic group. Is this a good taxonomic group? Explain your answer. 4.

a) How many of the gene trees do you expect to look like the species tree? b)  You observe three gene trees in which species X and Z are the closest relatives and seven gene trees where X and Y are the closest relatives. What can you conclude from these data? Group of answer choices Historical hybridization between species W and X Historical hybridization between species X and Y Historical hybridization between species X and Z Historical hybridization between species Y and Z

Crickets have colonized each island in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Geological data indicates that Kauai is the oldest island in the chain and Hawaii is the youngest. Researchers hypothesized that crickets sequentially colonized islands as they rose out of the ocean and created a cladogram based on molecular relationships to test this idea.  3) Which islands unambiguously show multiple independent colonization events?  4) How many colonization events were there on each of the islands showing multiple events?

Match the terms to their descriptors. NOTE: If you want to change your selection, you'll need to delete the one you already chose. After you delete it, the list of choices will pop back up and you can make a different choice. Two species evolve in different directions from a common starting point Divergent evolution Two species independently evolve similar structures Homologous structures Traits that look similar but were not inherited from a common Convergent evolution ancestor Analogous structures Traits that are similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor

In which of the situations below would speciation be most likely to occur? You can choose more than one answer. a. Seven lemurs escape from an enclosure at Duke University. To everyone's surprise, they establish a small but viable population coexisting successfully with humans in a partly suburban environment very different from their native Madagascan habitat. b. Bighorn sheep occupy mountains from Canada to Death Valley in Southern California, interbreeding all along the way. The populations at the two ends of the range live in very different environments. c. A few individuals of a butterfly species were blown to an island during a severe storm. d. A population of juniper shrubs is split by the formation of a canyon. Every year, strong winds carry a small amount of the shrubs' pollen across the canyon.