0.050 B. okuhidensis JCM 10945 (AB047684) B. halodurans ATCC 27557 (AB021187) -B. hemicellulosilyticus DSM 16731 (AB043846) B. bogoriensis LMG 22234 (AY376312) B. pseudalcaliphilus DSM 8725 (X76449) B. alcalophilus DSM 485 (X76436) B. akibai JCM 9157 (AB043858) B. krulwichiae NCIMB 13904 (AB086897) B. wakoensis DSM 2521 (AB043851) B. okhensis JCM 13040 (DQ026060) B. macyae DSM 16346 (AY031601) B. arseniciselenatis DSM 15340 (AF064705) B. gibsonii DSM 8772 (X76446) B. patagoniensis DSM 16117 (AY258614) - B. oshimensis JCM 12663 (AB188090) B. lehensis MTCC 7633 (AY793550) B. pseudofirmus DSM 8715 (X76439) B. decolorationis LMG 19507 (AJ315075) B. algicola KMM 3737 (AY228462) B. hwajinpoensis JCM 11807 (AF541966) B. gelatini LMG 21880 (AJ551329) B. macauensis DSM 17262 (AY273018) B. arsenicus DSM 15822 (AJ606700) B. barbaricus DSM 14730 (AJ422145) B. saliphilus DSM 15402 (AJ493660) B. agaradhaerens strain DSM 8721 (X76445) B. selenitireducens DSM 15326 (AF064704) B. clarkii strain DSM 8720 (X76444) B. cellulosilytica DSM 2522 (AB043852) B. vedderi DSM 9768 (Z48306) B. horti JCM 9943 (D87035) B. mannanilyticus DSM 16130 (AB043864) Caldalkalibacillus thermarum CGMCC 1.4242 (AY753654) B. clausii DSM 8716 (X76440)
Evolution
The history and science of origin and evolution comprise two events, the beginning of life and expansion of life. Our earth originated about 4.5 billion years ago. The term evolution is derived from two Latin words and means the act of unfolding or unrolling. English philosopher Herbert Spencer first used it. Evolution is defined as the change in heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. These traits are the manifestations of genes that are passed down from parent to offspring during reproduction.
Cladistics
Cladistics is a technique in the classification of organisms, where they are grouped into different clades. The proof for the relationships that are hypothesized is based on the shared derived characteristics known as synapomorphies. These characteristics do not exist in many of the distant ancestors and groups. The common ancestor along with its descendants is considered to be a part of the clade. The rate of closeness is directly proportional to the cladistic grouping and is useful in analyzing the evolutionary mechanism.
Outgroups
Outgroups are significant in studying cladistics or phylogenetics (that describe the evolutionary relationship between different organisms). Further, it is also important to understand the differences and similarities between different organisms.
Taxonomy
It is the branch of biology that works with the identification of organisms at first, then naming, and classification of them into phenetic or phylogenetic groups (a classification system). In other words, it is the scientific study of biological diversity and a part of systematic biology.
Phylogenetics
Phylogenetics is the scientific study of how various groups of organisms are related at the evolutionary level. It finds the relationship between various organisms based on their evolutionary similarities and differences. It is a part of the taxonomy. Although the taxonomic study is not only concerned about phylogeny but taxonomic studies are also concerned about the classification and nomenclature of the different individuals from different taxon.
analyze the phylogenetic tree and report its summary/inference (outgroup, etc)
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