The radius of gyration is: O The same as the distance of the centroid of an area from an axis. O One half the length of the longest side of an area for which the moment of inertia is being calculated. O A measure of the distribution of the area from the axis in question. The radius of a circular object for which the moment of inertia is being calculated.

Part a and b

explains how the two methods of parameter estimation, namely the method of parameter estimation and the method of moments and percentile matching, are used to fit distributions to data for actuarial calculations.

The rapid progress of engineering design and information technology has caused difficulties in analyzing system reliability. Because of the increased complexity in system reliability structure (component/subsystem interfaces), many unexpected failure modes could occur, and their behaviors are interdependent. At a system’s design and development stage, the main challenge in analyzing a complex system is the failure uncertainty introduced by the incomplete knowledge of the system. This makes it hard to decompose system reliability into subsystem/component reliability in a deterministic manner, such as series or parallel systems. As a result, some common reliability analysis tools such as fault tree (FT) and reliability block diagram (RBD) become inadequate. Do you agree, why or why not? Are there any other approaches to system reliability assessment beside these tools at the early system’s design and development stage (what are these approaches)?