The inhibitor X prevents coenzyme Q (Q) from participating in electron transfer in the electrontransport chain.(a) Will the presence of X prevent electrons from NADH from passing through the electron trans-port chain? Explain why or why not.(b) Compound Y is a non-physiological reducing agent capable of directly reducing cytochromecl in Complex III. Would oxygen consumption resume upon the addition of compound Y tomitochondria inhibited by inhibitor X? Be sure to explain your answer.

The mitochondrion is a double membrane bound structure found in eukaryotic cells that is involved in…

Answered: The inhibitor X prevents coenzyme Q (Q)…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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The reduction potentials of iron in each of the cytochromes in the electron transport complexesvary from 0.The reduction potentials of iron in each of the cytochromes in the electron transport complexes vary from 0.1 V to 0.39 V. Explain why these different values are necessary for the operation of this process
If both complex I and complex II send electrons to cytochrome c, how many cytochrome c molecules will it take to deliver those electrons to complex IV? Assume that complex I received one NADH and complex I catalyzed oxidation of one succinate.
Why does FAHD2 oxidation give 1.5 ATP while NADH oxidation gives 2.5 ATP? Explain this in relation to ETC.
Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) in the inner mitochondrialmembrane catalyzes the reaction NADH + NADP+ → NAD+ + NADPH to generate the NADPH needed for certain reactions that help destroy reactive oxygen species. (a) Explain why the NNT reaction cannot be driven primarily by the diff erence in substrate reduction potentials (Δℰ). (b) In fact, the NNT reaction is driven by proton translocation across the membrane (from outside to inside). How does operation of the transhydrogenase aff ect the effi ciency of oxidative phosphorylation?
In the mitochondrial disease MNGIE a deficiency of thymidine phosphorylase causes dTTP to accumulate in mitochondria. Describe the mechanism by which this occurs. A secondary effect is depletion of mitochondrial dCTP pools. Describe a plausible mechanism for this effect.
The muscle isozyme of lactate dehydrogenase is inhibited by lactate. Steady-state kinetic analysis yielded the following data, with lactate either absent or present at a fixed concentration. (a) Pyruvate is the substrate whose concentration is varied in one plot,NADH in the other. Identify each. Use an arrow and the appropriate letter(b, c, d, or e) to identify each of the following.(b) Reciprocal of Vmax for the uninhibited enzyme.(c) The line representing data obtained in the presence of lactate acting as a competitive inhibitor with respect to the variable substrate.(d) The line representing data obtained in the presence of lactate acting as a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to the variable substrate.(e) Reciprocal of KM in the presence of lactate acting as a competitiveinhibitor.(f) If KM for NADH is 2 x 10-5 M, then which of the following is the mostappropriate NADH concentration to use when determining KM for pyruvate: 10-7 M, 10-6 M, 10-5 M, 10-4 M, or 10-3 M?
Consider ³H-labeled pyruvate (containing three ³H at C3) and ¹4C-labeled OAA (¹4C at C3) are added to a preparation of mitochondria in which pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle enzymes are functional. Assume the labeled compounds react to form citrate that is labeled with both ³H and ¹4C. Assume also that once label is lost from a citric acid cycle intermediate that it does not become reincorporated. lf oxaloacetate (OAA) 3H 3H 3H pyruvate (a) Show the distribution of ³H and ¹4C in the citrate that is initially formed from the ¹4C-labeled OAA and the 3H-labeled ACS-CoA.
15.13) The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to enter the matrix region and undergo oxidative phosphorylation. Name the two processes in which the energy from NADH made in glycolysis can enter the mitochondrial matrix. ANSWER: 1) malate-aspartate shuttle 2) glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle EXPLANATION: Oxidative phosphorylation requires that NADH be located within the mitochondrial matrix. Since pyruvate oxidation/decarboxylation and the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix, the NADH created in those processes can immediately undergo oxidative phosphorylation. The NADH that is produced by glycolysis is able to pass through the outer mitochondrial membrane and enter the intermembrane space; however, it is not able to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane to enter the matrix region. In order for the energy from this NADH to be utilized, it must be processed through "NADH shuttles." The two…
Inhibitors of electron transport have been used to determine the order of electron carriers. What would be the expected redox states of cytochrome a, bi, and c when the following inhibitors are added to succinate-driven respiring mitochondria? (i) myxothiazol (ii) antimycin A (iii) rotenone
Iodoacetate reacts irreversibly with the free -SH groups of cysteine residues in proteins. List which Calvin cycle enzyme(s) you would predict to be inhibited by iodoacetate, and briefly explain why
A dialyzed pigeon liver extract will catalyze the conversion of acetyl-CoAto palmitate and CoASH if supplied with Mg2+, NADPH, ATP, HCO3-, andcitrate.(a) If H14CO3– is supplied, what compounds will become labeled (permanently or transiently) during the course of the reaction? In whatcompounds will 14C accumulate?(b) Explain the role of citrate in this reaction.
From the complete oxidation of glucose (glucose → 6CO2), how many total NADH electron carriers are produced?

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