The genetic data below is the DNA sequence of part of a theoretical fungal genome. a.) Which strand of DNA shown is the template strand? b.) What is the sequence of the mRNA produced from this gene? Label the 5’ and 3’ ends c.) What is the sequence of the peptide produced from the mRN

Endosymbiosis greatly altered eukaryotes as they acquired organelles. In the red algae shown below, the mitochondria is on left (solid lines), the chloroplast is in the middle (dotted lines), and the nucleus is on the right (dashed lines).

________________________, but not ________________________ have genomes with a great deal of repetitive DNA that does not appear to encode functional genes.a) Prokaryotes, eukaryotesb) Eukaryotes, prokaryotesc) Mammals, reptilesd) Plants, animalse) Animals, plants

8. A mutant that has a nutritional requirement for growth is an example of a(n) A) heterotroph B) auxotroph C) autotroph D) organotroph 9. In the Ames test the number of histidine auxotroph colonies growing on media lacking histidine when exposed to a potential chemical mutagen is. proportional to the likelihood that the chemical is mutagenic. A) Directly B) Inversely 10. Thymine dimers result from A) ionizing radiation B) nucleoside analogs C) non-ionizing radiation D) none of the above 12. RecA proteins are NOT required for homologous recombination? A) True B) False 13. Increasing genetic variability by the uptake of DNA from the environment is A) transduction B) transformation C) a mutation D) conjugation 14. Which of the following features are common to transformation, transduction, and conjugation? (1) unidirectional transfer of genes (2) incomplete gene transfer (3) homologous recombination (4) meiosis occurring in the recipient A) 1, 2, 4 B) 1, 2, 3 C) 3,4 D) 1,2 15. What is…

Which of the following is a sequence at which a restriction enzyme would cut? A)  5'AAGCAA3' B) 5'AAGCTT3' C)  5'ACAACA3' D)  5'AGAGAG3' E)  5'AGCCGT3' F)  5'AATTAAC3'

Retrotransposons _______. A) are found only in animal cells B) use an RNA molecule as an intermediate in transposition C) generally move by a cut-and-paste mechanism

Alfred Gierer and Gerhard Schramm exposed plant tissue to purified RNA from tobacco mosaic virus, and the plants developed the same types of lesions as if they had been exposed to the virus itself. What would be the results if the RNA was treated with DNase, RNase, or protease prior to its exposure to the plant tissue?

Bacteria exposed to viruses incorporate sections of the virus’s DNA into the CRISPR array sequences in their genome. This mechanism allows bacteria to fight off the viruses, like an immune response: the information in CRISPR spacers served as “coordinates” for recognizing and cutting up invading DNA sequences. Describe what might happen under the conditions described after a bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and releases its DNA into the bacterial cell.   Explain why: 1. The invading phage DNA is recognized by the Cas proteins but not inserted into the CRISPR array region of the bacterial genome: The bacteria will be unable to elicit an immune response and will succumb to the phase infection 2. The cas genes on the bacterial genome contains a missense mutation that increases its cleavage/cut activityThe bacteria will elicit an immune response that will successfully fight the phage infection

The figure below shows the life cycle of the fungus Neurospora. The adult stage of the Neurospora is a multicellular haploid.  Neurospora has an arginine amino acid synthesis pathway shown below. Suppose I have a Neurospora strain that has a mutation such that it will not grow unless I supplement the media (food) with arginine (but not with citrulline or ornithine). What gene is mutated? Explain your reasoning.

If we were to examine a strain with the F plasmid inserted into the same site of the bacterial chromosome, but in the reverse orientation: a) What would the order of gene transfer be? Include all of the genetic markers including the amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism genes and streptomycin resistance. b) What cell types would be able to grow on the NA vs ECM media types? Be sure to include the genotypes of the cells that would grow. Remember that NA provides all nutrients the bacteria needs + no antibiotic and HCM = minimal medium + glucose + has streptomycin antibiotic c) Would we still be able to perform our mapping? Why or why not? (Hint: refer to part b above)