The article “Differences in Susceptibilities of Different Cell Lines to Bilirubin Damage” (K. Ngai, C. Yeung, and C. Leung, Journal of Paediatric Child Health, 2000:36–45) reports an investigation into the toxicity of bilirubin on several cell lines. Ten sets of human liver cells and 10 sets of mouse fibroblast cells were placed into solutions of bilirubin in albumin with a 1.4 bilirubin/albumin molar ratio for 24 hours. In the 10 sets of human liver cells, the average percentage of cells surviving was 53.9 with a standard deviation of 10.7. In the 10 sets of mouse fibroblast cells, the average percentage of cells surviving was 73.1 with a standard deviation of 9.1. Find a 98% confidence interval for the difference in survival percentages between the two cell lines.

A study was conducted to examine the effects of yoga on feelings of anxiety and stress among 200 college students. 100 students were randomized to participate in daily yoga exercises in the morning, while the remaining 100 students were attended a wellness course that described the benefits of yoga and exercise on one's health. At the end of the study, it was determined that those who participated in daily yoga exercises had fewer symptoms of anxiety and stress compared to those who attended the wellness course. la. What is the study design that the investigators used? a. Case report b. Case series c. Ecological Study d. Cross-sectional (descriptive) e. Cross-sectional (analytic) f. Case-control study g. Retrospective cohort study h. Prospective cohort study i. Randomized clinical trial Ib-Would blinding have been feasible for this study? If yes, who could have been blinded? Circle all that apply. a. Subjects/Students b. Investigators c. Data analysts

5.33 The paper "Predictors of Complementary Therapy Use Among Asthma Patients: Results of a Primary Care Survey" (Health and Social Care in the Community [2008]: 155–164) described a study in which each person in a large sample of asthma patients responded to two questions: Question 1: Do conventional asthma medications usu- ally help your symptoms? Question 2: Do you use complementary therapies (such as herbs, acupuncture, aroma therapy) in the treat- ment of your asthma? i. The probability that an asthma patient responds that conventional medications do not help and that the patient uses complementary therapies. ii. The probability that an asthma patient responds that con- ventional medications do not help and that the patient does not use complementary therapies. iii. The probability that an asthma patient responds that conventional medications usually help or the patient uses complementary therapies. Suppose that this sample is representative of asthma patients. Consider the…

Aspirin and Cardiovascular Disease. In the article by P. Ridker et al. titled “A Randomized Trial of Low-dose Aspirin in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease inWomen” (New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 352, pp. 1293–1304), the researchers noted that “We randomly assigned 39,876 initially healthy women 45 years of age or older to receive 100 mg of aspirin or placebo on alternate days and then monitored them for 10 years for a first major cardiovascular event (i.e., nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes).”

sto ave 12.72 (M4) The authors of the paper "Serum Zinc Levels of Cord Blood: Relation to Birth Weight and Gestational Period" (Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology [2015]: 180-183) car- ried out a study of zinc levels of low-birth-weight babies and normal-birth-weight babies. For a sample of 50 low- birth-weight babies, the sample mean zinc level was 17.00 and the standard error was 0.43. For a sample of 73 normal-birth-weight babies, the sample mean zinc level was 18.16 and the standard error was 0.32. Explain why the two standard errors are not the same.

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to determine whether treatment with daily aspirin was more effective than placebo at preventing myocardial infarction (MI) (within 5 years).   A total of 140 out of 11,140 subjects in the aspirin group experienced an MI, while 240 out of 11,040 subjects in the placebo group experienced an MI.  The relative risk of MI comparing aspirin to placebo was calculated to be 0.58, and its 95% confidence interval ranged from 0.47 to 0.71.  Which of the following can be concluded from these results?   Question 4 options:   On average, the risk of MI among subjects who used aspirin was 0.58 times the risk of MI among those on placebo.   On average, aspirin reduced the risk of MI in this population by 58% when compared to placebo.   Aspirin is almost certainly harmful to this population.   Compared to placebo, aspirin did not reduce the risk of MI by a statistically significant amount.