The arrangement of heat engines used to develop the thermodynamic temperature scale.

Describe the Kelvin–Planck and Clausius statements of the second law of thermodynamics.

20 g of air undergoes a closed cycle, illustrated in Figure Q2, which consists of the following 3 processes: 1-2 Constant pressure heat rejection. 2-3 Constant volume heat addition. 3-1 Isothermal expansion back to the original conditions. P (kPa) 75 1 V (m') 0.025 0.04 Figure Q2: Three process cycle Given that Rair = 287 J/kg-K, and Cy = 718 J/kg-K, and assuming ideal gas conditions throughout: (a) Determine the temperatures at points 1, 2 and 3, and the pressure at point 3. (b) Determine the work during each process, and the net work from the cycle. (c) Determine the heat transferred during each process. (d) Verify that this is a cycle.

Steam in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a polytropic process, with n = 2, from an initial state where V₁ = 4.38600 ft³, p₁ = 400 lbf/in², and u₁ = 1322.4 Btu/lb to a final state where u₂ = 1036.0 Btu/lb and v₂ = 3.393 ft³/lb. The mass of the steam is 2.5 lb. Changes in kinetic and potential energy can be neglected. Determine the change in volume, in ft3, the energy transfer by work, in Btu, and the energy transfer by heat, in Btu.