that in 1000 memory references there are 50 misses in the first-level cache, 20 misses in the second-level cache, and 5 misses in the third-level cache. Assume the miss penalty from the L3 cache to memory is 100 clock cycle, the hit time of the L3 cache is 10 clocks, the hit time of the L2 cache is 4 clocks, the hit time of L1 is 1 clock cycle. What is the average memory access time?

5. suppose a computer using fully associative cache has 224 bytes of byte-addressable main memory and a cache of 128 blocks, where each cache block contains 64 bytes. a) how many blocks of main memory are there? b) what is the format of a memory address as seen by the cache ; that is, what are the size of the tag and offset field. c) To which cache block will the memory address 0x01D872 map?

Assume the address format for a fully-associative cache is as follows: 6 bits 2 bits Tag Offset 8 bits Given the cache directory is as shown in the diagram below, indicate whether the memory reference Ox5E results in a cache hits or a miss. Tag valid Block 000 110110 001 000001 010 000010 011 000101 100 001000 1 101 100010 110 010111 111 110110 O Hit O Miss

Consider a 32-bit computer using byte-addressable memory accessing different types of cache. Each cache consists of 256 blocks with one 32-bit word per block.  Specify how many bits are used for the tag, index or set, and byte offset for each type of cache listed in the table below.

Question 4

Consider a 64K L2 memory and a 4K L1 2-way associative cache with block sizes of 512. a. How many blocks are in each set in L1? b. How many offset bits are in the L2 address? c. How many index bits are in the L2 address? d. How many tag bits are in the L2 address?

For a direct-mapped cache design with a 32-bit address, the following bits of the address are used to access the cache. Tag 31-10 Index 9-5 a. What is the cache block size (in words)? b. How many entries does the cache have? Offset 4-0 c. What is the ratio between total bits required for such a cache implementation over the data storage bits?

A 2-way set associative cache consists of four sets. Main memory contains 2K blocks of eight words each. Show the main memory address format that allows us to map addresses from main memory to cache. Be sure to include the fields as well as their sizes. Compute the hit ratio for a program that loops 6 times from locations 8 to 51 in main memory. You may leave the hit ratio in terms of a fraction. Please show details how you obtain the result.

3. The table below represents five lines from a cache that uses fully associative mapping with a block size of 8. Identify the address of the shaded data, 0xE6, first in binary and then in hexadecimal. The tag numbers and word id bits are in binary, but the content of the cache (the data) is in hexadecimal.                   Word id bits Tag 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 ------------------------------------------ 1011010 10 65 BA 0F C4 19 6E C3 1100101 21 76 CB 80 D5 2A 7F B5 0011011 32 87 DC 91 E6 3B F0 A6 1100000 43 98 ED A2 F7 4C E1 97 1111100 54 9A FE B3 08 5D D2 88

Suppose a computer using fully associative cache has 224 words of main memory and a cache of 512 blocks, where each cache block contains 16 words. How many blocks of main memory are there? What is the format of a memory address as seen by the cache, i.e., what are the sizes of the tag and offset fields? To which cache block will the memory reference 17042416 map?