TABLE 17-1 Chromosome Constitutions in a Normally Diploid Organism with Three Chromosomes (Identified as A, B, and C) in the Basic Set Name Designation Constitution Number of chromosomes Euploids Monoploid Diploid Triploid Tetraploid АВС 3 АА ВВ СС АAА ВВВ ССС 2n 6. 3n 9. 4n AAAА ВВВB СССС 12 Aneuploids А ВВ СС АА В С Monosomic 2n -1 AA BB C АAА ВВ СС АА ВBB СС АА ВВ ССС Trisomic 2n + 1 7. 7. 7. monoploids are characteristically sterile. (Male bees, wasps, and ants bypass meio- sis; in these groups, gametes are produced by mitosis.)

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Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.